Background: Pressure injuries (PIs) impose a substantial burden on patients, caregivers, and healthcare systems, affecting an estimated 3 million Americans and costing nearly $18 billion annually. Accurate pressure injury staging remains clinically challenging. Over the last decade, object detection and semantic segmentation have evolved quickly with new methods invented and new application areas emerging. Simultaneous object detection and segmentation paved the way to segment and classify anatomical structures. In this study, we utilize the Mask-R-CNN algorithm for segmentation and classification of stage 1-4 pressure injuries.
Methods: Images from the eKare Inc. pressure injury wound data repository were segmented and classified manually by two study authors with medical training. The Mask-R-CNN model was implemented using the Keras deep learning and TensorFlow libraries with Python. We split 969 pressure injury images into training (87.5%) and validation (12.5%) subsets for Mask-R-CNN training.
Results: We included 121 random pressure injury images in our test set. The Mask-R-CNN model showed overall classification accuracy of 92.6%, and the segmentation demonstrated 93.0% accuracy. Our F1 scores for stages 1-4 were 0.842, 0.947, 0.907, and 0.944, respectively. Our Dice coefficients for stages 1-4 were 0.92, 0.85, 0.93, and 0.91, respectively.
Conclusions: Our Mask-R-CNN model provides levels of accuracy considerably greater than the average healthcare professional who works with pressure injury patients. This tool can be easily incorporated into the clinician's workflow to aid in the hospital setting.
Copyright © 2023 Mark Swerdlow et al.