This review surveys the major structural features in various groups of small molecules that are considered to be antioxidants, including natural and synthetic compounds alike. Recent advances in the strategic modification of known small molecule antioxidants are also described. The highlight is placed on changing major physicochemical parameters, including log p, bond dissociation energy, ionization potential, and others which result in improved antioxidant activity.
Keywords: ROS/RNS; Schiff-bases; anilines; antioxidant; hydrazones; isoprenoids; polyphenols; strategic modifications; thiols.