Soil application of effective microorganisms and nitrogen alleviates salt stress in hot pepper (Capsicum annum L.) plants

Abdelsattar Abdelkhalik; Taia A Abd El-Mageed; Ibrahim A A Mohamed; Wael M Semida; Omar A A I Al-Elwany; Ibrahim M Ibrahim; Khaulood A Hemida; Mohamed T El-Saadony; Synan F AbuQamar; Khaled A El-Tarabily; Mohammed A H Gyushi

doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.1079260

Soil application of effective microorganisms and nitrogen alleviates salt stress in hot pepper (Capsicum annum L.) plants

Front Plant Sci. 2023 Jan 18:13:1079260. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1079260. eCollection 2022.

Affiliations

¹ Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt.
² Soil and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt.
³ Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt.
⁴ Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt.
⁵ Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt.
⁶ Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
⁷ Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
⁸ Khalifa Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
⁹ Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia.

Abstract

The application of effective microorganisms (EMs) and/or nitrogen (N) have a stimulating effect on plants against abiotic stress conditions. The aim of the present study was to determine the impact of the co-application of EMs and N on growth, physio-biochemical attributes, anatomical structures, nutrients acquisition, capsaicin, protein, and osmoprotectant contents, as well as the antioxidative defense system of hot pepper (Capsicum annum L.) plants. In the field trials, EMs were not applied (EMs^-) or applied (EMs⁺) along with three N rates of 120, 150, and 180 kg unit N ha^-1 (designated as N₁₂₀, N₁₅₀, and N₁₈₀, respectively) to hot pepper plants grown in saline soils (9.6 dS m^-1). The application of EMs and/or high N levels attenuated the salt-induced damages to hot pepper growth and yield. The application of EMs⁺ with either N₁₅₀ or N₁₈₀ increased the number, average weight and yield of fruits by 14.4 or 17.0%, 20.8 or 20.8% and 28.4 or 27.5%, respectively, compared to hot pepper plants treated with the recommended dose (EMs^- × N₁₅₀). When EMs⁺ was individually applied or combined with either N₁₅₀ or N₁₈₀, increased accumulation of capsaicin were observed by 16.7 or 20.8%, protein by 12.5 or 16.7%, proline by 19.0 or 14.3%, and total soluble sugars by 3.7 or 7.4%, respectively, in comparison with those treated with the integrative EMs^- × N₁₅₀. In addition, the non-enzymatic contents (ascorbate, and glutathione) and enzymatic activities (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione reductase) of the antioxidant defense systems significantly increased in hot pepper plants treated with EMs⁺ alone or combined with N₁₅₀ or N₁₈₀ under salt stress conditions. Higher accumulation of nutrients (N, P, K⁺, and Ca²⁺) along with reduced Na⁺ acquisition was also evidenced in response to EMs⁺ or/and high N levels. Most anatomical features of stems and leaves recovered in hot pepper plants grown in saline soils and supplied with EMs⁺ and N. The application of EMs and N is undoubtedly opening new sustainable approaches toward enhancing abiotic stress tolerance in crops (e.g. hot pepper).

Keywords: Capsicum annuum; biostimulants; growth; osmotic adjustment; salinity stress; yield.

Grants and funding

This project was funded by Khalifa Center for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering-UAEU [grant number 31R286] to SA; and Abu Dhabi Research Award (AARE2019) for Research Excellence-Department of Education and Knowledge (ADEK; Grant #: 21S105) to KE.