Chemokine expression in human 3-dimensional cultured epidermis exposed to PM2.5 collected by cyclonic separation

Maori Kono; Tomoaki Okuda; Nami Ishihara; Hiroyuki Hagino; Yuto Tani; Hiroshi Okochi; Chiharu Tokoro; Masayuki Takaishi; Hidefumi Ikeda; Yasuhiro Ishihara

doi:10.1007/s43188-022-00142-4

Chemokine expression in human 3-dimensional cultured epidermis exposed to PM2.5 collected by cyclonic separation

Toxicol Res. 2022 Jul 14;39(1):1-13. doi: 10.1007/s43188-022-00142-4. eCollection 2023 Jan.

Authors

Maori Kono^{1

2}, Tomoaki Okuda³, Nami Ishihara⁴, Hiroyuki Hagino⁵, Yuto Tani⁶, Hiroshi Okochi⁶, Chiharu Tokoro⁶, Masayuki Takaishi^{1

2}, Hidefumi Ikeda^{1

2}, Yasuhiro Ishihara⁴

Affiliations

¹ Laboratory of Advanced Cosmetic Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan.
² Product Assurance Division, Mandom Corporation, Osaka, 540-8530 Japan.
³ Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kanagawa, 223-8522 Japan.
⁴ Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8521 Japan.
⁵ Japan Automobile Research Institute, Ibaraki, 305-0822 Japan.
⁶ School of Creative Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, 169-8555 Japan.

Abstract

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure has a risk of inducing several health problems, especially in the respiratory tract. The skin is the largest organ of the human body and is therefore the primary target of PM2.5. In this study, we examined the effects of PM2.5 on the skin using a human 3-dimensional cultured epidermis model. PM2.5 was collected by cyclonic separation in Yokohama, Japan. Global analysis of 34 proteins released from the epidermis revealed that the chemokines, chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 1 (CXCL1) and interleukin 8 (IL-8), were significantly increased in response to PM2.5 exposure. These chemokines stimulated neutrophil chemotaxis in a C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 2-dependent manner. The oxidative stress and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 pathways may be involved in the increased expression of CXCL1 and IL-8 in the human epidermis model. Interestingly, in the HaCaT human keratinocyte cell line, PM2.5 did not affect chemokine expression but did induce IL-6 expression, suggesting a different effect of PM2.5 between the epidermis model and HaCaT cells. Overall, PM2.5 could induce the epidermis to release chemokines, followed by neutrophil activation, which might cause an unregulated inflammatory reaction in the skin.

Keywords: 3D epidermis culture; Chemokines; Oxidative stress; PM2.5.