Occurrence of two myxosporean parasites in the gall bladder of white seabream Diplodus sargus (L.) (Teleostei, Sparidae), with the morphological and molecular description of Ceratomyxa sargus n. sp

PeerJ. 2023 Jan 13:11:e14599. doi: 10.7717/peerj.14599. eCollection 2023.

Abstract

Myxosporeans are widespread cnidarian parasites that usually parasitize fish as part of their complex life cycle, thus constituting a potential threat for the aquaculture industry. White seabream Diplodus sargus (L.) is a commercially valuable sparid fish reared in Southern European aquacultures. Nonetheless, knowledge on myxosporean infections potentially harming the sustainable production of this fish is extremely limited. In this study, a myxosporean survey was conducted on D. sargus specimens reared in two Southern Portuguese fish farms. Two coelozoic myxosporeans were detected infecting the gall bladder, and are herein reported based on microscopic and molecular procedures: Ceratomyxa sargus n. sp. and Zschokkella auratis Rocha et al., 2013, previously described from reared stocks of gilthead seabream Sparus aurata in the same geographic locality. Ceratomyxa sargus n. sp. is the 12th species of the genus to be reported from Southern European sparids, reinforcing a substantial radiation of Ceratomyxa within this fish family and geographic region. SSU rRNA-based Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood analyses revealed C. sargus n. sp. positioned separately from other sparid-infecting Ceratomyxa spp. reported from Southern European countries, demonstrating that this species does not share a more immediate common ancestor with its closest relatives based on host affinity and geography. The recognition of a novel sparid-infecting lineage within the Ceratomyxa clade strengthens the contention that this genus entered sparid fish multiple times, namely in the Southern European region. The identification of Zschokkella auratis infections in D. sargus demonstrates that host shift has occurred among sparids reared in the Southern Portuguese coast. This agrees with the broad host specificity that is usually attributed to this genus, and that may be suggested to be the outcome of the capacity of the Zschokkella morphotype to undergo host shift/switch based on our findings and the limited molecular data available for this genus. Thus, a better understanding of Zschokkella host-associated diversification and dispersal mechanisms requires the increasing availability of molecular data from infections of the same species occurring in multiple hosts and geographical locations.

Keywords: Aquaculture; Ceratomyxa sargus n. sp.; Myxosporean parasites; Phylogeny; SSU rRNA gene; Taxonomy; Ultrastructure; Zschokkella auratis.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Bayes Theorem
  • Fish Diseases* / epidemiology
  • Gallbladder / parasitology
  • Myxozoa* / genetics
  • Parasites*
  • Parasitic Diseases, Animal* / epidemiology
  • Perciformes*
  • Phylogeny
  • Sea Bream* / parasitology

Grants and funding

This work was financially supported by the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal), within the scope of the projects PTDC_BIA-BMA_6363_2020, UIDB/04423/2020, UIDP/04423/2020, and the FCT employment contract CEECIND/03501/2017; and by the project Ocean3R (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000064), supported by the North Portugal Regional Operational Programme (NORTE2020), under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement and through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.