Purpose: Gap balance is critical in Oxford unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (OUKA) surgery; the effect of lower limb positioning on gap balance judgements has not been reported. There are two mean operative positions for OUKA patients, the hanging leg (HL) and the supine leg (SL) position. This study aimed to investigate the gap balance achieved by current UKA surgical techniques by using a force sensor, to compare the differences in gap balance between the two different positions, and to test whether the difference in gap balance leads to different outcomes in terms of component alignment and early post-operative clinical outcomes.
Methods: This prospective study included 97 knees (76 patients), who underwent OUKA from June 1, 2020, to July 31, 2021, of which 67 knees underwent UKA in the supine leg position and the other 30 in the hanging leg position. When the operator was satisfied with the gap balance, the contact forces between the trial and the spacer block were measured at 90° of knee flexion (flexion gap) and 20° of knee flexion (extension gap) using a pre-developed matrix flexible force sensor. X-rays were reviewed three to five days after surgery. Knee Society Scores (KSS) were obtained at the six month follow-up.
Results: Compared to the HL group, the contact force at the flexion gap was higher in the SL group: 55.15N (SD 43.36N) vs. 34.25N (SD 27.56N) (p < 0.05), whereas in the extension gap, there was no significant difference, 90.19 N (SD 43.36N) in the SL group and 86.72N (SD 43.08N) in the HL group (ns.). The contact force was greater in the extension gap than in the flexion gap in both groups (p < 0.01). The gap balance difference in the HL group was 52.46N (SD 31.33N), which was greater than that of the SL group at 35.03N (SD 19.50N) (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in component alignment or lower limb mechanical alignment between the two groups. There was no significant difference in pre-operative and post-operative KSS between the two groups, while post-operative KSS was significantly higher in both groups compared to the pre-operative period.
Conclusion: The intra-operative contact forces between the flexion and extension gaps differed in the two groups; the hanging leg position appeared to produce a greater difference in the judgement of gap balance than the supine leg position, but this difference did not adversely affect the alignment of the component or the early post-operative clinical outcome.
Keywords: Arthroplasty; Gap balance; Kinematics; Patient positioning; Sensor; UKA; Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty.
© 2023. The Author(s) under exclusive licence to SICOT aisbl.