Serum TSH Level as a Simple Efficient Tool to Assess the Risk of Thyroid Malignancy in Euthyroid Patients with Indeterminate Cytology - A Cohort Study

Ashwin Vinod; Riju Ramachandran; Anoop Vasudevan Pillai; Dakshin Sitaram Padmanabhan; Greeshma C Ravindran; Misha J C Babu; Pradeep Jacob; Gopalakrishnan C Nair

doi:10.4103/ijem.ijem_75_22

Serum TSH Level as a Simple Efficient Tool to Assess the Risk of Thyroid Malignancy in Euthyroid Patients with Indeterminate Cytology - A Cohort Study

Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2022 Sep-Oct;26(5):446-452. doi: 10.4103/ijem.ijem_75_22. Epub 2022 Nov 22.

Authors

Ashwin Vinod¹, Riju Ramachandran¹, Anoop Vasudevan Pillai¹, Dakshin Sitaram Padmanabhan¹, Greeshma C Ravindran², Misha J C Babu¹, Pradeep Jacob¹, Gopalakrishnan C Nair¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India.
² Department of Biostatistics, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India.

Abstract

Context: A significant number of fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) for thyroid nodules is reported as indeterminate. Expensive molecular testing can give a clue to the possibility of malignancy in this group. The effectiveness of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels as a diagnostic tool in euthyroid patients with indeterminate cytology has not been previously studied, especially in the Indian population.

Aims: This study was conducted to evaluate the predictive efficacy of serum TSH in the early diagnosis and treatment of malignancy.

Settings and design: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study on a cohort of patients who presented to our department with complaints of thyroid swelling and underwent thyroidectomy.

Methods and material: Euthyroid patients who underwent thyroid surgery for newly diagnosed thyroid nodules with FNAC reported as indeterminate cytology were included in our study. Based on the histopathological report, the patients were divided into two groups and into quartiles based on TSH values.

Statistical analysis used: The mean difference in the numerical variables between groups was compared using the independent two-sample 't' test for parametric data and Mann-Whitney 'u' test for non-parametric data. A logistic regression analysis was done with age, sex, TSH level and nodule size as dependant variables and malignancy as the independent variable.

Results: There were 211 patients in group A and 93 in group B. Patients with malignancy confirmed on final histopathology showed higher serum TSH levels compared to benign nodules (2.93 ± 1.067 vs 1.73 ± 1.051, P = <0.001). The mean TSH levels of all types of malignant nodules correlated with our test model (>2.185 mIU/L).

Conclusions: Serum TSH above 2.185 mIU/mL is a good predictor of malignancy in indeterminate nodules. It is an inexpensive, safe and reliable diagnostic screening test for the risk of malignancy in an indeterminate nodule.

Keywords: Indeterminate nodule; TSH; malignancy; thyroidectomy.