Metabolic and genetic derangement: a review of mechanisms involved in arsenic and lead toxicity and genotoxicity

Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 2022 Dec 30;73(4):244-255. doi: 10.2478/aiht-2022-73-3669. eCollection 2022 Dec 1.

Abstract

Urbanisation and industrialisation are on the rise all over the world. Environmental contaminants such as potentially toxic elements (PTEs) are directly linked with both phenomena. Two PTEs that raise greatest concern are arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) as soil and drinking water contaminants, whether they are naturally occurring or the consequence of human activities. Both elements are potential carcinogens. This paper reviews the mechanisms by which As and Pb impair metabolic processes and cause genetic damage in humans. Despite efforts to ban or limit their use, due to high persistence both continue to pose a risk to human health, which justifies the need for further toxicological research.

Urbanizacija i industrijalizacija su u porastu u cijelome svijetu. S obama ovim fenomenima izravno su povezana zagađivala iz okoliša, poput potencijalno toksičnih elemenata (PTE). Dva elementa koja izazivaju najveću zabrinutost su arsen (As) i olovo (Pb) u tlu i vodi, bilo da su tamo došli prirodnim putem ili zbog ljudske djelatnosti. Oba su i potencijalno kancerogena. U ovom preglednom radu razmatraju se mehanizmi kojima As i Pb ugrožavaju metaboličke procese i izazivaju oštećenja genoma. Unatoč zabranama i naporima da se ograniči njihovo korištenje, oba su elementa perzistentna u okolišu i predstavljaju rizik za ljudsko zdravlje, zbog čega je potrebno nastaviti s njihovim toksikološkim istraživanjima.

Keywords: DNA damage; arsen trioksid; arsenic trioxide; human health; ljudsko zdravlje; metal availability; metali; oksidacijski stres; oxidative stress; oštećenje DNA; reactive oxygen species; reaktivne kisikove vrste; toksikologija; zakonska regulativa.

Publication types

  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Arsenic* / analysis
  • Arsenic* / toxicity
  • Drinking Water*
  • Environmental Monitoring
  • Humans
  • Lead / toxicity
  • Metals, Heavy* / analysis
  • Risk Assessment
  • Soil Pollutants* / analysis

Substances

  • Arsenic
  • Metals, Heavy
  • Lead
  • Drinking Water
  • Soil Pollutants