Case of leptospirosis causing pancytopenia

BMJ Case Rep. 2023 Jan 5;16(1):e251506. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2022-251506.

Abstract

We present the case of a young female landscaper who presented to an Australian tertiary hospital with persistent fevers and new pancytopenia. Extensive initial workup for her presenting illness did not identify a cause; however, a detailed history of her occupation revealed she worked heavily with soil on farms that had domestic livestock in addition to rodents. Hence, further serological testing for leptospirosis was performed, revealing a diagnosis of infection with Leptospira interrogans serovar Hardjo. Treatment covering leptospirosis was commenced, and she improved clinically, and her cell counts returned to normal. Pancytopenia is a rare manifestation of leptospirosis and has only been reported in a handful of case studies. We highlight that leptospirosis should be considered as a differential diagnosis in those with fever, and new pancytopaenia, particularly in patients with relevant risk factors for exposure.

Keywords: Infectious diseases; Medical education.

Publication types

  • Case Reports

MeSH terms

  • Antibodies, Bacterial
  • Australia
  • Female
  • Humans
  • Leptospira interrogans*
  • Leptospira*
  • Leptospirosis* / complications
  • Leptospirosis* / diagnosis
  • Leptospirosis* / drug therapy
  • Pancytopenia* / etiology
  • Risk Factors

Substances

  • Antibodies, Bacterial