Identification of potential target genes of honokiol in overcoming breast cancer resistance to tamoxifen

Adam Hermawan; Herwandhani Putri; Naufa Hanif; Nurul Fatimah; Heri Himawan Prasetio

doi:10.3389/fonc.2022.1019025

Identification of potential target genes of honokiol in overcoming breast cancer resistance to tamoxifen

Front Oncol. 2022 Dec 19:12:1019025. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1019025. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Adam Hermawan^{1

2

3}, Herwandhani Putri², Naufa Hanif², Nurul Fatimah³, Heri Himawan Prasetio¹

Affiliations

¹ Laboratory of Macromolecular Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada Sekip Utara II, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
² Cancer Chemoprevention Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada Sekip Utara II, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
³ Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada Sekip Utara II, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

Abstract

Background: Honokiol (HON) inhibits epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling and increases the activity of erlotinib, an EGFR inhibitor, in human head and neck cancers. In this study, using a bioinformatics approach and in vitro experiments, we assessed the target genes of HON against breast cancer resistance to tamoxifen (TAM).

Materials and methods: Microarray data were obtained from GSE67916 and GSE85871 datasets to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). DEGs common between HON-treated and TAM-resistant cells were analyzed by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses and protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed. Selected genes were analyzed for genetic alterations, expression, prognostic value, and receiver operating characteristics (ROC). TAM-resistant MCF-7 (MCF-7 TAM-R) cells were generated and characterized for their resistance toward TAM. A combination of HON and TAM was used for cytotoxicity and gene expression analyses. Molecular docking was performed using the Molecular Operating Environment software.

Results: PPI network analysis revealed that FN1, FGFR2, and RET were the top three genes with the highest scores. A genetic alteration study of potential target genes revealed MMP16 and ERBB4 as the genes with the highest alterations among the breast cancer samples. Pathway enrichment analysis of FGFR2, RET, ERBB4, SOX2, FN1, and MMP16 showed that the genetic alterations herein were likely to impact the RTK-Ras pathway. The expression levels of RET, MMP16, and SOX2 were strongly correlated with prognostic power, with areas under the ROC curves (AUC) of 1, 0.8, and 0.8, respectively. The HON and TAM combination increased TAM cytotoxicity in MCF-7 TAM-R cells by regulating the expression of potential target genes ret, ERBB4, SOX2, and FN1, as well as the TAM resistance regulatory genes including HES1, VIM, PCNA, TP53, and CASP7. Molecular docking results indicated that HON tended to bind RET, ErbB4, and the receptor protein Notch1 ankyrin domain more robustly than its native ligand.

Conclusion: HON could overcome breast cancer resistance to TAM, potentially by targeting FGFR2, RET, ERBB4, MMP16, FN1, and SOX2. However, further studies are required to validate these results.

Keywords: bioinformatics; breast cancer; honokiol; tamoxifen resistance; targeted therapy.