Standardised Tool for the Assessment of Bruxism

Daniele Manfredini; Jari Ahlberg; Ghizlane Aarab; Steven Bender; Alessandro Bracci; Peter A Cistulli; Paulo Cesar Conti; Reny De Leeuw; Justin Durham; Alona Emodi-Perlman; Dominik Ettlin; Luigi M Gallo; Birgitta Häggman-Henrikson; Christer Hublin; Takafumi Kato; Gary Klasser; Michail Koutris; Gilles J Lavigne; Daniel Paesani; Ingrid Peroz; Peter Svensson; Peter Wetselaar; Frank Lobbezoo

doi:10.1111/joor.13411

Standardised Tool for the Assessment of Bruxism

J Oral Rehabil. 2024 Jan;51(1):29-58. doi: 10.1111/joor.13411. Epub 2023 Feb 10.

Authors

Daniele Manfredini¹, Jari Ahlberg², Ghizlane Aarab³, Steven Bender⁴, Alessandro Bracci⁵, Peter A Cistulli^{6

7}, Paulo Cesar Conti⁸, Reny De Leeuw⁹, Justin Durham¹⁰, Alona Emodi-Perlman¹¹, Dominik Ettlin¹², Luigi M Gallo¹³, Birgitta Häggman-Henrikson¹⁴, Christer Hublin¹⁵, Takafumi Kato¹⁶, Gary Klasser¹⁷, Michail Koutris³, Gilles J Lavigne¹⁸, Daniel Paesani¹⁹, Ingrid Peroz²⁰, Peter Svensson^{14

21}, Peter Wetselaar³, Frank Lobbezoo³

Affiliations

¹ Department of Biomedical Technologies, School of Dentistry, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
² Department of Oral and Maxillofacial, Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
³ Department of Orofacial Pain and Dysfunction, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
⁴ Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Texas A&M School of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, USA.
⁵ School of Dentistry, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
⁶ Sleep Research Group, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
⁷ Department of Respiratory & Sleep Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
⁸ Bauru School of Dentistry, University of Sao Paulo, Bauru, Brazil.
⁹ Department of Oral Health Science, Orofacial Pain Center, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
¹⁰ Newcastle University's School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle, UK.
¹¹ Department of Oral Rehabilitation, The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
¹² Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland.
¹³ Clinic of Masticatory Disorders, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
¹⁴ Department of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden.
¹⁵ Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland.
¹⁶ Department of Oral Physiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan.
¹⁷ Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Dentistry, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
¹⁸ Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universite de Montréal, Quebec, Montréal, Canada.
¹⁹ School of Dentistry, University of Salvador/AOA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
²⁰ Department for Prosthodontics, Gerodontology and Craniomandibular Disorders, Charité Centre for Oral Sciences, Charité - University Medicine of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
²¹ Section for Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.

PMID: 36597658
DOI: 10.1111/joor.13411

Abstract

Objective: This paper aims to present and describe the Standardised Tool for the Assessment of Bruxism (STAB), an instrument that was developed to provide a multidimensional evaluation of bruxism status, comorbid conditions, aetiology and consequences.

Methods: The rationale for creating the tool and the road map that led to the selection of items included in the STAB has been discussed in previous publications.

Results: The tool consists of two axes, specifically dedicated to the evaluation of bruxism status and consequences (Axis A) and of bruxism risk and etiological factors and comorbid conditions (Axis B). The tool includes 14 domains, accounting for a total of 66 items. Axis A includes the self-reported information on bruxism status and possible consequences (subject-based report) together with the clinical (examiner report) and instrumental (technology report) assessment. The Subject-Based Assessment (SBA) includes domains on Sleep Bruxism (A1), Awake Bruxism (A2) and Patient's Complaints (A3), with information based on patients' self-report. The Clinically Based Assessment (CBA) includes domains on Joints and Muscles (A4), Intra- and Extra-Oral Tissues (A5) and Teeth and Restorations (A6), based on information collected by an examiner. The Instrumentally Based Assessment (IBA) includes domains on Sleep Bruxism (A7), Awake Bruxism (A8) and the use of Additional Instruments (A9), based on the information gathered with the use of technological devices. Axis B includes the self-reported information (subject-based report) on factors and conditions that may have an etiological or comorbid association with bruxism. It includes domains on Psychosocial Assessment (B1), Concurrent Sleep-related Conditions Assessment (B2), Concurrent Non-Sleep Conditions Assessment (B3), Prescribed Medications and Use of Substances Assessment (B4) and Additional Factors Assessment (B5). As a rule, whenever possible, existing instruments, either in full or partial form (i.e. specific subscales), are included. A user's guide for scoring the different items is also provided to ease administration.

Conclusions: The instrument is now ready for on-field testing and further refinement. It can be anticipated that it will help in collecting data on bruxism in such a comprehensive way to have an impact on several clinical and research fields.

Keywords: STAB; assessment; awake bruxism; bruxism; diagnosis; sleep bruxism.

Publication types

Review

MeSH terms

Bruxism* / diagnosis
Bruxism* / etiology
Humans
Self Report
Sleep
Sleep Bruxism* / complications
Sleep Bruxism* / diagnosis
Sleep Wake Disorders* / complications