Ameliorative effect of biosynthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles using garlic extract on the body weight and developmental toxicity of liver in albino rats compared with chemically synthesized nanoparticles

Zeinab Kamal; A A Ebnalwaled; Zeinab Al-Amgad; Alaa H Said; Asmaa A Metwally; František Zigo; Silvia Ondrašovičová; Ibrahim F Rehan

doi:10.3389/fvets.2022.1049817

Ameliorative effect of biosynthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles using garlic extract on the body weight and developmental toxicity of liver in albino rats compared with chemically synthesized nanoparticles

Front Vet Sci. 2022 Dec 16:9:1049817. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1049817. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Zeinab Kamal¹, A A Ebnalwaled², Zeinab Al-Amgad³, Alaa H Said², Asmaa A Metwally⁴, František Zigo⁵, Silvia Ondrašovičová⁶, Ibrahim F Rehan^{7

8}

Affiliations

¹ Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt.
² Electronic and Nano Devise Lab, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt.
³ General Authority for Veterinary Services, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt.
⁴ Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt.
⁵ Department of Nutrition and Animal Husbandry, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Košice, Slovakia.
⁶ Department of Biology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Košice, Slovakia.
⁷ Department of Husbandry and Development of Animal Wealth, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin Alkom, Egypt.
⁸ Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya-shi, Japan.

Abstract

The application of metallic nanoparticles poses risks to human and animal health. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂NPs) are the most commonly synthesized metallic oxides in the world. Exposure to TiO₂NPs can cause toxicity in the target organisms. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of green and chemical TiO₂NPs on maternal and embryo-fetal livers. Green TiO₂NPs using garlic extract (GTiO₂NPs) and chemical TiO₂NPs (CHTiO₂NPs) were synthesized and characterized by x-ray powder diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The cytotoxicity of both chemical and green TiO₂NPs was determined against HepG₂ cell lines. Fifty pregnant female Albino rats were equally and randomly divided into five groups. Group 1 was kept as a control. Groups 2 and 3 were orally treated with 100 and 300 mg/kg body weight of CHTiO₂NPs, respectively. Groups 4 and 5 were orally treated with 100 and 300 mg/kg of GTiO₂NPs, respectively, from day 6 to 19 of gestation. All dams were euthanized on gestation day 20. All live fetuses were weighed and euthanized. Blood and tissue samples were collected for biochemical, histopathological, and Bax-immunohistochemical expression analyses. Our results indicated that garlic could be used as a reducing agent for the synthesis of TiO₂NPs, and the produced NPs have no toxic effect against HepG₂ cells compared with CHTiO₂NPs. The maternal and fetal bodyweights were greatly reduced among the chemically TiO₂NPs induced animals. The mean serum level of AST and ALT activities and the total protein level significantly increased when TiO₂NPs were administered at high doses. Histologically, the CHTiO₂NPs-treated groups revealed vacuolated and necrotized hepatocytes with congested and dilated blood vessels in the fetal and maternal livers. The immunohistochemistry revealed distinct positive staining of Bax expressed in the hepatocytes. Nevertheless, the biosynthesis of TiO₂NPs using garlic extract had a minimal effect on the normal architecture of the liver. It could be concluded that the bioactivity of TiO₂NPs can be modified by green synthesis using garlic extract. Compared to the CHTiO₂NPs, the exposure to GTiO₂NPs showed reduced liver damage in maternal and embryo-fetal rats.

Keywords: Bax-immunohistochemically; TiO2NPs; bodyweight; fetuses; garlic; histology; liver.