Pictograms to aid laypeople in identifying the addictiveness of gambling products (PictoGRRed study)

Amandine Luquiens; Morgane Guillou; Julie Giustiniani; Servane Barrault; Julie Caillon; Helena Delmas; Sophia Achab; Bruno Bento; Joël Billieux; Damien Brevers; Aymeric Brody; Paul Brunault; Gaëlle Challet-Bouju; Mariano Chóliz; Luke Clark; Aurélien Cornil; Jean-Michel Costes; Gaetan Devos; Rosa Díaz; Ana Estevez; Giacomo Grassi; Anders Hakansson; Yasser Khazaal; Daniel L King; Francisco Labrador; Hibai Lopez-Gonzalez; Philip Newall; José C Perales; Aurélien Ribadier; Guillaume Sescousse; Stephen Sharman; Pierre Taquet; Isabelle Varescon; Cora Von Hammerstein; Thierry Bonjour; Lucia Romo; Marie Grall-Bronnec

doi:10.1038/s41598-022-26963-9

Pictograms to aid laypeople in identifying the addictiveness of gambling products (PictoGRRed study)

Sci Rep. 2022 Dec 29;12(1):22510. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-26963-9.

Authors

Amandine Luquiens^{1

2}, Morgane Guillou³, Julie Giustiniani⁴, Servane Barrault^{5

6}, Julie Caillon⁷, Helena Delmas⁸, Sophia Achab⁹, Bruno Bento¹⁰, Joël Billieux^{11

12}, Damien Brevers¹³, Aymeric Brody¹⁴, Paul Brunault^{15

16

17}, Gaëlle Challet-Bouju⁷, Mariano Chóliz¹⁸, Luke Clark¹⁹, Aurélien Cornil^{13

20}, Jean-Michel Costes²¹, Gaetan Devos^{22

23

24

25

26}, Rosa Díaz²⁷, Ana Estevez²⁸, Giacomo Grassi²⁹, Anders Hakansson³⁰, Yasser Khazaal³¹, Daniel L King³², Francisco Labrador³³, Hibai Lopez-Gonzalez³⁴, Philip Newall³⁵, José C Perales³⁶, Aurélien Ribadier³⁷, Guillaume Sescousse³⁸, Stephen Sharman³⁹, Pierre Taquet^{40

41

42}, Isabelle Varescon⁴³, Cora Von Hammerstein⁴⁴, Thierry Bonjour⁴⁵, Lucia Romo⁴⁶, Marie Grall-Bronnec⁷

Affiliations

¹ Department of Addictology, CHU Nîmes, Univ Montpellier, Nîmes, France. amandineluquiens@gmail.com.
² CESP, Univ. Paris-Sud, UVSQ, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France. amandineluquiens@gmail.com.
³ EA 7479 SPURBO, CHRU BREST, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest and Addictologie, Brest, France.
⁴ CHU de Besançon, Besançon, France.
⁵ QualiPsy, EE 1901, Université de Tours, Tours, France.
⁶ Service d'Addictologie Universitaire, CSAPA-37, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France.
⁷ Department of Addictology and Psychiatry Nantes, Inserm U1246, CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, Université de Tours, Nantes, France.
⁸ Pôle Addiction et Précarité, Centre Hospitalier Guillaume Régnier, Rennes, France.
⁹ WHO Collaborating Centre for Treatment and Research in Mental Health, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
¹⁰ IAJ - Instituto de Apoio ao Jogador, Lda, Portugal.
¹¹ Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
¹² Addiction Medicine, Centre for Excessive Gambling, Lausanne University Hospitals (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
¹³ Louvain Experimental Psychopathology (LEP), Psychological Science Research Institute, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium.
¹⁴ EPITA, LRE MNSHS, Paris, France.
¹⁵ Service d'Addictologie Universitaire, Équipe de Liaison et de Soins en Addictologie, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France.
¹⁶ UMR 1253, iBrain, Inserm, Université de Tours, Tours, France.
¹⁷ QualiPsy, EE, Université de Tours, 1901, Tours, France.
¹⁸ Gambling and Technological Addictions Research Unit, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
¹⁹ Department of Psychology, Centre for Gambling Research at UBC, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
²⁰ Centre for Excessive Gambling, Université Catholique de Louvain, Lausanne University Hospitals (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
²¹ Observatoire des Jeux, Paris, France.
²² Grand Hôpital de Charleroi (GHdC), Charleroi, Belgium.
²³ Psychological Science Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
²⁴ Scientific Research and Publication Cell (CRPS), Le Beau Vallon, Namur, Belgium.
²⁵ Centre Hospitalier Le Domaine, ULB, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium.
²⁶ Service Universitaire d'Addictologie de Lyon (SUAL), CH Le Vinatier, 69500, Bron, France.
²⁷ Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology Department, Hospital Clínic Universitari de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
²⁸ University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain.
²⁹ BRAIN CENTER FIRENZE, Florence, Italy.
³⁰ Clinical Addiction Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Malmö Addiction Center, Lund University - Gambling Disorder Unit, Region Skåne, Sweden.
³¹ Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital and Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland.
³² College of Education, Psychology, & Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
³³ Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.
³⁴ Faculty of Information and Communication, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
³⁵ CQUniversity, Bundaberg, Australia.
³⁶ Department of Experimental Psychology Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Centre (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
³⁷ Département de Psychologie, EE 1901 - Equipe Qualipsy « Qualité de vie et Santé Psychologique », Université de Tours, Tours, France.
³⁸ Lyon Neuroscience Research Center-INSERM U1028-CNRS UMR5292, PSYR2 Team, University Lyon 1, Lyon, France.
³⁹ National Addiction Centre, King's College, London, UK.
⁴⁰ Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine Department, CHU Lille, 59000, Lille, France.
⁴¹ Univ. Lille, ULR, 4072, Lille, France.
⁴² PSITEC-Psychologie: Interactions Temps Émotions Cognition, 59000, Lille, France.
⁴³ Laboratoire de Psychopathologie et Processus de Santé, Université de Paris, 92100, Boulogne Billancourt, France.
⁴⁴ APEMAC, Équipe EPSAM, Université de Lorraine, 57000, Metz, France.
⁴⁵ Department of Addictology, CHU Nîmes, Univ Montpellier, Nîmes, France.
⁴⁶ EA 4430 Clipsyd, University Paris Nanterre, Nanterre, France.

Abstract

The structural addictive characteristics of gambling products are important targets for prevention, but can be unintuitive to laypeople. In the PictoGRRed (Pictograms for Gambling Risk Reduction) study, we aimed to develop pictograms that illustrate the main addictive characteristics of gambling products and to assess their impact on identifying the addictiveness of gambling products by laypeople. We conducted a three-step study: (1) use of a Delphi consensus method among 56 experts from 13 countries to reach a consensus on the 10 structural addictive characteristics of gambling products to be illustrated by pictograms and their associated definitions, (2) development of 10 pictograms and their definitions, and (3) study in the general population to assess the impact of exposure to the pictograms and their definitions (n = 900). French-speaking experts from the panel assessed the addictiveness of gambling products (n = 25), in which the mean of expert's ratings was considered as the true value. Participants were randomly provided with the pictograms and their definitions, or with a standard slogan, or with neither (control group). We considered the control group as representing the baseline ability of laypeople to assess the addictiveness of gambling products. Each group and the French-speaking experts rated the addictiveness of 14 gambling products. The judgment criterion was the intraclass coefficients (ICCs) between the mean ratings of each group and the experts, reflecting the level of agreement between each group and the experts. Exposure to the pictograms and their definition doubled the ability of laypeople to assess the addictiveness of gambling products compared with that of the group that read a slogan or the control group (ICC = 0.28 vs. 0.14 (Slogan) and 0.14 (Control)). Laypeople have limited awareness of the addictive characteristics of gambling products. The pictograms developed herein represent an innovative tool for universally empowering prevention and for selective prevention.

Publication types

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

Behavior, Addictive*
Gambling*
Humans
Judgment