Determinants of early working impairments in multiple sclerosis

Marcello Moccia; Luca Fontana; Raffaele Palladino; Fabrizia Falco; Ferdinando Finiello; Mauro Fedele; Roberta Lanzillo; Liberata Reppuccia; Maria Triassi; Vincenzo Brescia Morra; Ivo Iavicoli

doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.1062847

Determinants of early working impairments in multiple sclerosis

Front Neurol. 2022 Dec 9:13:1062847. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1062847. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Marcello Moccia^{1

2}, Luca Fontana³, Raffaele Palladino^{4

5}, Fabrizia Falco⁶, Ferdinando Finiello³, Mauro Fedele³, Roberta Lanzillo^{2

6}, Liberata Reppuccia³, Maria Triassi⁴, Vincenzo Brescia Morra^{2

6}, Ivo Iavicoli³

Affiliations

¹ Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
² Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Unit, Federico II University Hospital, Naples, Italy.
³ Occupational Health Unit, Department of Public Health, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
⁴ Department of Public Health, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
⁵ Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.
⁶ Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy.

Abstract

Introduction: Unemployment can directly affect social status and identity. Assessing and adjusting determinants of early working impairments in a chronic disease can thus reduce its long-term burden. Hereby, we aim to evaluate differences in occupational history and early working impairments between people with multiple sclerosis (MS) and healthy workers.

Methods: This is a cross-sectional study comparing 71 workers with MS [age 41.7 ± 9.4 years; females 59.1%; EDSS 2.0 (1.0-6.0)] and 71 controls (age 42.6 ± 11.9 years; females 33.8%). All participants filled in Work Ability Index (WAI), Work Productivity and Activity Impairment (WPAI), European Questionnaire for Quality of Life (EuroQoL), Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). In MS, we further collected expanded disability status scale (EDSS), MS Questionnaire for Job difficulties (MSQ-Job), Fatigue severity scale (FSS), and the Brief International Cognitive Assessment for MS (BICAMS).

Results: Workers with MS were more working disabled (p < 0.01), less exposed to workplace risks (p < 0.01), and more limited in fitness to work (p = 0.01), compared with controls. On linear regression models adjusted by age, sex, education, and type of contract, people with MS had worse WAI (Coeff=-5.47; 95% CI = -7.41, -3.53; p < 0.01), EuroQoL (Coeff = -4.24; 95% CI = -17.85, -6.50; p < 0.01), BDI-II (Coeff = 3.99; 95% CI = 2.37, 7.01; p < 0.01), and PSQI (Coeff = 4.74; 95% CI = 3.13, 7.61; p < 0.01), compared with controls, but no differences in WPAI (p = 0.60). EuroQoL, BDI-II, and PSQI were equally associated with both WAI and WPAI in MS and controls (all p< 0.01). In MS, worse MSQJob was associated with higher EDSS (Coeff = 5.22; 95% CI = 2.24, 7.95; p < 0.01), progressive disease (Coeff = 14.62; 95% CI = 5.56, 23.69; p < 0.01), EuroQoL (Coeff = 4.63; 95% CI = 2.92, 6.35; p < 0.01), FSS (Coeff = 0.55; 95% CI = 0.38, 0.72; p < 0.01), and cognitive impairment (Coeff = 4.42; 95% CI = 0.67, 8.22; p = 0.02).

Discussion: Early factors associated with working difficulties in MS include disability, fatigue, depression, and cognitive dysfunction. Early identification of clinical features potentially causing working difficulties should be considered to enhance job retention, along with targeted prevention and protection measures.

Keywords: cognitive; disability; fatigue; job; mood; multiple sclerosis; working.