3D Printed Voltammetric Sensor Modified with an Fe(III)-Cluster for the Enzyme-Free Determination of Glucose in Sweat

Eleni Koukouviti; Alexios K Plessas; Anastasios Economou; Nikolaos Thomaidis; Giannis S Papaefstathiou; Christos Kokkinos

doi:10.3390/bios12121156

3D Printed Voltammetric Sensor Modified with an Fe(III)-Cluster for the Enzyme-Free Determination of Glucose in Sweat

Biosensors (Basel). 2022 Dec 11;12(12):1156. doi: 10.3390/bios12121156.

Authors

Eleni Koukouviti¹, Alexios K Plessas², Anastasios Economou¹, Nikolaos Thomaidis¹, Giannis S Papaefstathiou², Christos Kokkinos¹

Affiliations

¹ Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece.
² Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece.

Abstract

In this work, a 3D printed sensor modified with a water-stable complex of Fe(III) basic benzoate is presented for the voltammetric detection of glucose (GLU) in acidic epidermal skin conditions. The GLU sensor was produced by the drop-casting of Fe(III)-cluster ethanolic mixture on the surface of a 3D printed electrode fabricated by a carbon black loaded polylactic acid filament. The oxidation of GLU was electrocatalyzed by Fe(III), which was electrochemically generated in-situ by the Fe(III)-cluster precursor. The GLU determination was carried out by differential pulse voltammetry without the interference from common electroactive metabolites presented in sweat (such as urea, uric acid, and lactic acid), offering a limit of detection of 4.3 μmol L^-1. The exceptional electrochemical performance of [Fe₃O(PhCO₂)₆(H₂O)₃]∙PhCO₂ combined with 3D printing technology forms an innovative and low-cost enzyme-free sensor suitable for noninvasive applications, opening the way for integrated 3D printed wearable biodevices.

Keywords: 3D printing; glucose; iron; nonenzymatic; sensor; voltammetry.

MeSH terms

Electrochemical Techniques
Electrodes
Ferric Compounds*
Glucose*
Printing, Three-Dimensional
Sweat

Substances

Glucose
Ferric Compounds

Grants and funding

This research has been co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund of the European Union and Greek national funds through the Operational Program Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation, under the call RESEARCH-CREATE-INNOVATE (project code: T2EDK-00028/MIS 5067540).