1 Department of Outcomes Research, Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, Division of Anesthesia, Intensive Care, and Pain Management, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
2 Department of Outcomes Research, Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
3 Department of Outcomes Research, Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
4 Department of Outcomes Research, Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, ds@or.org.