Objectives: Pediatric chronic pain represents heterogeneous diagnoses; often, primary pain location informs research classifications and treatment. In contrast, recent research has highlighted the role of widespread pain and this perspective has been adopted in assessments in specialty pediatric pain clinics. The lack of direct comparison between these 2 methods of categorizing pediatric chronic pain may hinder the adoption of evidence-based practices across the spectrum of care. Therefore, this study aimed to compare whether primary pain location or pain widespreadedness is more informative for pain-related symptoms in pediatric chronic pain.
Methods: Youth (n=223) between the ages of 8 to 23 years (M=15.93, SD=2.11, 83% female) completed surveys upon intake at the pediatric chronic pain clinic. Free-text entries of primary pain location were coded into categories: headache, abdominal pain, and musculoskeletal pain. Additional domains assessed included widespread pain, pain interference, kinesiophobia, catastrophizing, anxiety, depression, sleep, and fatigue.
Results: Differences based on primary pain location only emerged for kinesiophobia, F(2150)=8.20, P<0.001, with the highest scores among those with musculoskeletal pain. In contrast, controlling for sex, age, and pain intensity, pain widespreadedness was associated with pain interference, pain catastrophizing, fatigue, anxiety, and depression (P<0.05).
Discussion: Pain widespreadedness was more consistently associated with pain-related outcomes among pediatric chronic pain patients than primary pain location, and body maps may be useful in determining a nociplastic pain mechanism to inform treatment. Improved assessment of pediatric pain mechanisms may help advance more precise treatment delivery.
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