Purpose: Disparities in breast cancer survival have been observed within marginalized racial/ethnic groups and within the rural-urban continuum for decades. We examined whether there were differences among the intersectionality of race/ethnicity and rural residence on breast cancer outcomes.
Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis among 739,448 breast cancer patients using Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) 18 registries years 2000 through 2016. We conducted multilevel logistic-regression and Cox proportional hazards models to estimate adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and hazard ratios (AHRs), respectively, for breast cancer outcomes including surgical treatment, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, late-stage disease, and risk of breast cancer death. Rural was defined as 2013 Rural-Urban Continuum Codes (RUCC) of 4 or greater.
Results: Compared with non-Hispanic white-urban (NH-white-U) women, NH-black-U, NH-black-rural (R), Hispanic-U, and Hispanic-R women, respectively, were at increased odds of no receipt of surgical treatment (NH-black-U, AOR = 1.98, 95% CI 1.91-2.05; NH-black-R, AOR = 1.72, 95% CI 1.52-1.94; Hispanic-U, AOR = 1.58, 95% CI 1.52-1.65; and Hispanic-R, AOR = 1.40, 95% CI 1.18-1.67), late-stage diagnosis (NH-black-U, AOR = 1.32, 95% CI 1.29-1.34; NH-black-R, AOR = 1.29, 95% CI 1.22-1.36; Hispanic-U, AOR = 1.25, 95% CI 1.23-1.27; and Hispanic-R, AOR = 1.17, 95% CI 1.08-1.27), and increased risks for breast cancer death (NH-black-U, AHR = 1.46, 95% CI 1.43-1.50; NH-black-R, AHR = 1.42, 95% CI 1.32-1.53; and Hispanic-U, AHR = 1.10, 95% CI 1.07-1.13).
Conclusion: Regardless of rurality, NH-black and Hispanic women had significantly increased odds of late-stage diagnosis, no receipt of treatment, and risk of breast cancer death.
Keywords: Breast cancer; Cancer; Disparities; Race; Rural/urban.
© 2022. The Author(s).