Background: Coffee brewed from capsules contain estrogenic chemicals (ECs) that may harm the reproductive system. However, there are no studies investigating whether consuming capsule coffee causes these ECs to present in urine.
Objective: Compare the effects of consuming capsule coffee vs. a plastic-free (French press) method on the appearance of ECs in urine.
Methods: Participants (n = 30) were randomized to consume 540 mL of capsule or French press coffee once, then switched and consumed the other coffee after washout. Urine samples were collected prior to consumption, at 6 h and 24 h. Coffee and urine samples were analyzed for nine ECs using ultra-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry: bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol S, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), benzophenone, 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), dibutyl phthalate, caprolactam and dimethyl terephthalate.
Results: In coffee samples, BPF (French press: 13.9 ng/mL, capsule: 16.1 ng/mL) and DEHP (capsule: 1.12 ng/mL) were present. In 6 h urine samples, the detection frequency for DEHP was 6.7% in capsule and 13.3% in French press coffee. BPF was detected in only one urine sample post-consumption.
Conclusion: Consuming capsule coffee did not increase urinary EC exposure compared to consuming French press coffee.
Keywords: 4-NP, 4-nonylphenol; BP, benzophenone; BPA, bisphenol A; BPF, bisphenol F; BPS, bisphenol S; Capsule; Coffee; DBP, dibutyl phthalate; DEHP, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; DMTP, dimethyl terephthalate; EC, estrogenic chemical; Estrogenic chemical; HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography; Intervention; LOD, limit of detection; Plastic; UPLC-MS/MS, ultra-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry.
© 2022 The Authors.