Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a type of recurrent intestinal diseases. Natural product molecules have been gradually developed into an important source of anti-inflammatory drugs for treating IBD owing to their high anti-inflammatory activity, well known safety, structural specificity and therapeutic mechanism diversity. However, most of the natural products are restricted by poor solubility in actual application. How to achieve satisfactory bioavailability during the treatment of IBD is one of the urgent problems to be solved in the current research. Micro/nano drug delivery systems could improve the solubility of drugs with targeted delivery of anti-inflammatory drugs to the colon with responsive release property. Therefore, using micro/nano drug delivery systems, the problems mentioned above involving natural product molecules in the treatment of IBD could be solved. According to the compositions of the intestinal tract and inflammatory characteristics of IBD, the strategies of using micro/nano drug delivery systems for natural products could be summarized in two steps: targeted delivery and responsive release. In this review, the targeted and responsive release strategies of the micro/nano drug delivery systems combined with their anti-inflammatory effects in IBD animal models to illustrate that the proposed strategies could be potential treatments for symptomatic IBD are described.