Tumor glycolytic profiling through 18F-FDG PET/CT predicts immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy in advanced NSCLC

Saulo Brito Silva; Carlos Wagner S Wanderley; José Flavio Gomes Marin; Mariana Petaccia de Macedo; Ellen Caroline Toledo do Nascimento; Fernanda Frozoni Antonacio; Caroline Sales Figueiredo; Mateus Trinconi Cunha; Fernando Q Cunha; Gilberto de Castro Junior

doi:10.1177/17588359221138386

Tumor glycolytic profiling through ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT predicts immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy in advanced NSCLC

Ther Adv Med Oncol. 2022 Dec 6:14:17588359221138386. doi: 10.1177/17588359221138386. eCollection 2022.

Affiliations

¹ Hospital Sírio-Libanês, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
² Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases (CRID) and Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
³ Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁴ Centro de Oncologia - Hospital Sírio Libanês, Rua D. Adma Jafet, 91, Térreo, Bela Vista, São Paulo 01308-050, Brazil.

Abstract

Background: A significant proportion of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) do not respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Since metabolic reprogramming with increased glycolysis is a hallmark of cancer and is involved in immune evasion, we used ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography (¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT) to evaluate the baseline glycolytic parameters of patients with advanced NSCLC submitted to ICIs, and assessed their predictive value.

Methods: ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT results in the 3 months before ICIs treatment were included. Maximum standardized uptake values, whole metabolic tumor volume (wMTV), and whole-body total lesion glycolysis (wTLG) were evaluated. Cutoff values for high or low glycolytic categories were determined using receiver-operating characteristic curves. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were evaluated. Patients with a complete response and a matching group with resistance to ICIs underwent immunohistochemistry analysis. An unsupervised k-means clustering model integrating programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression, glycolytic parameters, and ICIs therapy was performed.

Results: In all, 98 patients were included. Lower baseline ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT parameters were associated with responses to ICIs. Patients with low wMTV or wTLG had improved PFS and OS. High wTLG, strong tumor expression of glucose transporter-1, and lack of responses were significantly associated. Patients with low glycolytic parameters benefited from ICIs, regardless of chemotherapy. Conversely, those with high parameters benefited from the addition of chemotherapy. Patients with higher wTLG and lower PD-L1 were associated with progression and worse survival to ICIs monotherapy.

Conclusions: Glycolytic metabolic profiles established through baseline ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT are useful biomarkers for evaluating ICI therapy in advanced NSCLC.

Keywords: 18F-FDG PET/CT; Warburg effect; biomarkers; glycolysis; immunotherapy; non-small-cell lung cancer.