Background: Multicopters are used for releasing particulates seeds, fertilizer and spray. Their low cost and high manoeuvrability make them attractive for spraying in steep terrain and areas where overspray is undesirable. This article describes a model of multicopter wake and its influence on particulate dispersion, which is computationally economical compared to many computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approaches, yet retains reasonable accuracy.
Results: A model was successfully implemented in OpenFOAM. It features source terms for the rotor wash, Lagrangian particle tracking, an evaporation model, and a porous medium approach to model the effect of the ground vegetation. Predictions were validated against the field tests of Richardson et al. which used a DJI Agras MG-1 multicopter in three different flights with airspeeds of 3.2-4.9 m s-1 , ground speeds of 2.1-2.9 m s-1 and cross-wind speeds of 0.04-2.2 m s-1 . The effective swath width (30% line separation) was predicted to within one standard deviation. Sensitivity to a rotor rotational speed, flight height, flight velocity, multicopter roll and yaw angles, surface roughness length, plant height and leaf density was checked.
Conclusion: In all flight trials, the modelled swath was closest to the experimentally obtained swath when the surface roughness of the fetch was equal to 0.5 m (bushes) and the rotational speed of all rotors was equal to 2475 rpm with 0.75R (0.2 m) tall plant canopy (grass) introduced to the model. The model showed acceptable validity for flight velocities of ≤2.8-5 m s-1 when flight parameters can be approximately estimated. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Keywords: CFD; OpenFOAM; crop spraying; multicopters; spray dispersion; unpiloted aerial vehicles.
© 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.