Criterion and construct validity of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) to measure depression in patients with cancer: The contribution of somatic items

Sílvia Almeida; Marta Camacho; J Bernardo Barahona-Corrêa; José Oliveira; Raquel Lemos; Daniel Rodrigues da Silva; Joaquim Alves da Silva; Telmo Mourinho Baptista; Jaime Grácio; Albino J Oliveira-Maia

doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2022.100350

Criterion and construct validity of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) to measure depression in patients with cancer: The contribution of somatic items

Int J Clin Health Psychol. 2023 Apr-Jun;23(2):100350. doi: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2022.100350. Epub 2022 Nov 25.

Authors

Sílvia Almeida^{1

2}, Marta Camacho¹, J Bernardo Barahona-Corrêa^{1

3}, José Oliveira^{1

3}, Raquel Lemos^{1

4}, Daniel Rodrigues da Silva¹, Joaquim Alves da Silva^{1

3}, Telmo Mourinho Baptista⁵, Jaime Grácio^{1

3}, Albino J Oliveira-Maia^{1

3}

Affiliations

¹ Champalimaud Research and Clinical Centre, Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon, Portugal.
² Graduate Programme in Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculdade de Psicologia da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
³ NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
⁴ ISPA - Instituto Universitário de Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida, Lisbon, Portugal.
⁵ Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Psicologia, Lisbon, Portugal.

Abstract

Background/objective: Screening for depression in patients with cancer can be difficult due to overlap between symptoms of depression and cancer. We assessed validity of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) in this population.

Method: Data was obtained in an outpatient neuropsychiatry unit treating patients with and without cancer. Psychometric properties of the BDI-II Portuguese version were assessed separately in 202 patients with cancer, and 376 outpatients with mental health complaints but without cancer.

Results: Confirmatory factor analysis suggested a three-factor structure model (cognitive, affective and somatic) provided best fit to data in both samples. Criterion validity was good for detecting depression in oncological patients, with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.85 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.76-0.91). A cut-off score of 14 had sensitivity of 87% and specificity of 73%. Excluding somatic items did not significantly change the ROC curve for BDI-II (difference AUCs = 0.002, p=0.9). A good criterion validity for BDI-II was also obtained in the non-oncological population (AUC = 0.87; 95% CI 0.81-0.91), with a cut-off of 18 (sensitivity=84%; specificity=73%).

Conclusions: The BDI-II demonstrated good psychometric properties in patients with cancer, comparable to a population without cancer. Exclusion of somatic items did not affect screening accuracy.

Keywords: Assessment; BDI-II; Cancer; Depression; Psychometry.