Effect of relative configuration of TEMPO-type nitroxides on ascorbate reduction

Abstract

2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidin-N-oxyl (TEMPO)-type nitroxides are susceptible to bioreduction, leading to a loss of radical properties. Although it has been reported that the steric and electronic environments around the N-O moiety of nitroxides affect the reduction, how the relative configuration of nitroxide derivatives alters it is unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of diastereomers on the radical properties of C2- and C4-disubstituted TEMPO-type nitroxides. We succeeded in isolating the diastereomers of the studied nitroxides for the first time. In addition, we compared the reactivities of nitroxide derivatives with different substituents at the C2 and C4 positions toward ascorbate reduction. We found that the bulky substituents at both C2 and C4 and the electronic effect of C4 affected the reduction of the isomers. C2- and C4-disubstituted nitroxides were administered to mice for electron spin resonance imaging to assess bioreduction in the brain. Similar to the reactivity to reduction in vitro, a difference in the bioreduction of diastereomers was observed in brain tissues. Our research strongly indicates that bioreduction can be controlled by changing the relative configuration, which can be used in the design of nitroxide derivatives for biological applications.

Keywords: Ascorbate; Diastereomers; Electron paramagnetic resonance; Electron spin resonance; Imaging; In vivo; Nitroxide; Radicals; Reduction.