Relationship Between Vesicoureteric Reflux and Nephrocalcinosis in Children: A Case-Control Study at a Tertiary Medical Center in Saudi Arabia

Ahmed S Al-Zahrani; Jaffer S Al-Faraj; Maria Blesilda B Llaguno; Ali M Alhussain

doi:10.7759/cureus.30650

Relationship Between Vesicoureteric Reflux and Nephrocalcinosis in Children: A Case-Control Study at a Tertiary Medical Center in Saudi Arabia

Cureus. 2022 Oct 25;14(10):e30650. doi: 10.7759/cureus.30650. eCollection 2022 Oct.

Authors

Ahmed S Al-Zahrani¹, Jaffer S Al-Faraj¹, Maria Blesilda B Llaguno², Ali M Alhussain³

Affiliations

¹ Pediatric Radiology, King Abdullah Specialist Children's Hospital, Riyadh, SAU.
² Nursing, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Faisal University, Hofuf, SAU.
³ Clinical Research, Maternity and Children Hospital-Al-Ahsa, Hofuf, SAU.

Abstract

Background: Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), one of the most common pediatric congenital urogenital abnormalities, refers to the abnormal backflow of urine from the urinary bladder back into the ureter or to the kidney. This causes urinary tract infections. Nephrocalcinosis (NC) refers to abnormal deposits of calcium within the renal parenchyma and/or in the renal cortex. Patients with NC are mostly asymptomatic and severe disease may progress to renal failure. Early diagnosis through examinations such as radiography, computed tomography, and ultrasonography, is crucial for therapeutic treatment. Ultrasonography is the preferred method for scanning and grading nephrocalcinosis in children, primarily because it emits no radiation. This study aimed to increase the body of knowledge regarding VUR and nephrocalcinosis by determining its prevalence and assessing the relationship between VUR and nephrocalcinosis in children presenting at our institution. Methods:A case-control study was conducted using data from the medical records of 632 children younger than 14 years in a tertiary medical center in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Eligible participants were assigned to two groups: Group 1 consisted of 316 patients with VUR, while Group 2 consisted of 316 sex- and age-matched patients without VUR. The difference in the prevalence of nephrocalcinosis between the two groups was assessed. Frequency and percentage were used to present the categorical variables; Pearson product-moment correlation was utilized to establish the association between VUR and nephrocalcinosis. Statistical significance was established at p<0.05. Result: Only two cases in Group 1 were positive for nephrocalcinosis (0.63%, one male and one female), while four cases in Group 2 were positive for the condition (1.26%, two males and two females). There was no significant difference in the incidence of nephrocalcinosis between the two groups (p=0.873), indicating no relationship between VUR and nephrocalcinosis in children.

Conclusion: There is no relationship between VUR and nephrocalcinosis in children under the age of 14 years.

Keywords: nephrocalcinosis; pediatric congenital urogenital abnormality; pediatric neuroradiology; pediatric radiology; vesicoureteric reflux.