The unified airway is in constant exposure to environmental factors that promote inflammation and disease. Environmental allergens, including house dust mites, pets, pollens, and molds, are strongly linked with development and exacerbation of upper airway disease with nonlinear dose-dependent relationships. Occupational triggers, including combat exposures and construction workers, are associated with the development of both upper and lower airway disease resulting in a "healthy worker effect" where many people leave jobs due to significant morbidity..
Keywords: Air pollution; Allergy; Environment; Occupational exposure; Unified airway disease.
Published by Elsevier Inc.