Role of Transcatheter Arterial Embolization in Acute Refractory Non-variceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding Not Controlled by Endoscopy: A Single-Center Experience and a Literature Review

Charbel Ishak; Haider Ghazanfar; Sameer Kandhi; Ahmed Alemam; Hafsa Abbas; Harish Patel; Sridhar Chilimuri

doi:10.7759/cureus.29962

Role of Transcatheter Arterial Embolization in Acute Refractory Non-variceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding Not Controlled by Endoscopy: A Single-Center Experience and a Literature Review

Cureus. 2022 Oct 5;14(10):e29962. doi: 10.7759/cureus.29962. eCollection 2022 Oct.

Authors

Charbel Ishak¹, Haider Ghazanfar², Sameer Kandhi³, Ahmed Alemam², Hafsa Abbas², Harish Patel², Sridhar Chilimuri²

Affiliations

¹ Interventional Radiology, BronxCare Health System, Affiliate of Icahn School of Medicine at Sinai, New York, USA.
² Internal Medicine/Gastroenterology, BronxCare Health System, New York, USA.
³ Internal Medicine, BronxCare Health System, New York, USA.

Abstract

Introduction Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) is a medical emergency and a common cause of hospital admissions worldwide. It has traditionally been treated with resuscitation and endoscopic intervention as the first-line therapy. In this study, we assessed the adjunctive role of transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) in patients with uncontrolled UGIB after an endoscopic intervention. Material and methods A retrospective chart review of patients requiring TAE of UGIB which was not controlled by endoscopic intervention in BronxCare Health System from 2018 to 2021 was done. Patients who were more than 18 years of age and required TAE during the time period of the study were included in the study. Patients' charts were reviewed for patients' demographics, comorbidities, hospital course, imaging findings, esophagogastroduodenoscopy findings and intervention, and interventional radiology intervention and clinical outcome. Results A total of 10 patients were included in the study. A majority of the patients were male. Transcatheter atrial embolization was successful in all the 10 patients. Coils were used in seven patients while particulate polyvinyl alcohol 500 micron particle was used in two patients and vascular plug was used in two patients. Out of the 10 patients, four expired during the hospital course. None of the patients died secondary to UGIB. Three of the patients expired due to severe sepsis with septic shock secondary to pneumonia while one patient died because of respiratory failure due to lung collapse secondary to endobronchial lesion. Conclusion Refractory acute UGIB is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. TAE is a minimally invasive measure that should be considered early in the treatment of UGIB which is refractory to conventional endoscopic management. Our case highlights the importance of TAE in a patient with refractory UGIB after endoscopic intervention.

Keywords: anemia; endovascular embolization; interventional radiology guided embolization; morbidity; mortality; refractory upper gastrointestinal bleeding; upper endoscopy.