Significance: Rapid estimation of the depth and margins of fluorescence targets buried below the tissue surface could improve upon current image-guided surgery techniques for tumor resection.
Aim: We describe algorithms and instrumentation that permit rapid estimation of the depth and transverse margins of fluorescence target(s) in turbid media; the work aims to introduce, experimentally demonstrate, and characterize the methodology.
Approach: Spatial frequency domain fluorescence diffuse optical tomography (SFD-FDOT) technique is adapted for rapid and computationally inexpensive estimation of fluorophore target depth and lateral margins. The algorithm utilizes the variation of diffuse fluorescence intensity with respect to spatial-modulation-frequency to compute target depth. The lateral margins are determined via analytical inversion of the data using depth information obtained from the first step. We characterize method performance using fluorescent contrast targets embedded in tissue-simulating phantoms.
Results: Single and multiple targets with significant lateral size were imaged at varying depths as deep as 1 cm. Phantom data analysis showed good depth-sensitivity, and the reconstructed transverse margins were mostly within ∼30 % error from true margins.
Conclusions: The study suggests that the rapid SFD-FDOT approach could be useful in resection surgery and, more broadly, as a first step in more rigorous SFD-FDOT reconstructions. The experiments permit evaluation of current limitations.
Keywords: diffuse optical tomography; fluorescence; image-guided surgery; structured illumination.