Tailoring the phosphorus release from biochar-based fertilizers: role of magnesium or calcium addition during co-pyrolysis

Kaewta Jetsrisuparb; Thanawan Jeejaila; Chanon Saengthip; Pornnapa Kasemsiri; Yuvarat Ngernyen; Prinya Chindaprasirt; Jesper T N Knijnenburg

doi:10.1039/d2ra05848k

Tailoring the phosphorus release from biochar-based fertilizers: role of magnesium or calcium addition during co-pyrolysis

RSC Adv. 2022 Oct 26;12(47):30539-30548. doi: 10.1039/d2ra05848k. eCollection 2022 Oct 24.

Authors

Kaewta Jetsrisuparb^{1

2}, Thanawan Jeejaila¹, Chanon Saengthip¹, Pornnapa Kasemsiri^{1

2}, Yuvarat Ngernyen¹, Prinya Chindaprasirt^{2

3}, Jesper T N Knijnenburg^{2

4}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Chemical Engineering, Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen 40002 Thailand.
² Sustainable Infrastructure Research and Development Center, Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen 40002 Thailand jespth@kku.ac.th.
³ Department of Civil Engineering, Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen 40002 Thailand.
⁴ International College, Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen 40002 Thailand.

Abstract

The presence of magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) in biochar-based fertilizers is linked to the slow release of phosphorus (P), but these alkali metals have not been systematically compared under identical conditions. In this study, sugarcane filter cake was treated with H₃PO₄ and MgO or CaO followed by pyrolysis at 600 °C to produce a Mg/P-rich biochar (MgPA-BC) and a Ca/P-rich biochar (CaPA-BC), respectively. The P-loaded biochars were studied by extraction and kinetic release in water over 240 hours to assess the potential P availability. X-ray diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used to characterize the pristine and post-kinetics biochars to identify the responsible phases for phosphate release. Additionally, the dissolved P concentrations in the kinetic release experiment were compared to thermodynamic solubility calculations of common Mg and Ca phosphates. Both MgPA-BC and CaPA-BC had P loadings of 73-74 g kg^-1 but showed distinctly different release behaviors. Phosphate dissolution from MgPA-BC was gradual and reached 10 g P per kg biochar after 240 hours, with rate-determining phases being Mg₂P₂O₇ (Mg pyrophosphate), MgNH₄PO₄·6H₂O (struvite), and Mg₃(PO₄)₂·22H₂O (cattiite). In contrast, CaPA-BC only released 1.2 g P per kg biochar. Phosphate release from CaPA-BC was limited by the low solubility of Ca₂P₂O₇ (Ca pyrophosphate) and (Ca,Mg)₃(PO₄)₂ (whitlockite). Co-pyrolysis with MgO retained P in a more soluble and available form than CaO, making MgO a preferential additive over CaO to immobilize phytoavailable P in biochar-based fertilizers with higher fertilizer effectiveness.