Aims: Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the most common cause of acute liver failure in the United States. Liver glutathione (GSH) depletion and sustained P-JNK (c-Jun-N-terminal kinase) activation are key modulators in the mechanism leading to hepatic necrosis. GSH depletion is directly related to the consumption of GSH by APAP metabolites N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI). We previously noticed that the glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC), the rate-limiting enzyme in GSH synthesis, rapidly decreased at the same time P-JNK increased. Our aims were to determine if JNK was directly responsible for decreased GCLC causing impaired recovery of GSH and if this was an important factor in determining APAP hepatotoxicity. Results: Immunoprecipitation of JNK after APAP identified binding to GCLC. Expression of a site-directed mutated canonical JNK docking site in GCLC was resistant to degradation and led to rapid restoration of GSH and inhibited sustained JNK activation. The JNK-resistant GCLC markedly protected against necrosis and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevation. The proteolytic loss of GCLC was abrogated by inhibition of the proteasome, ubiquitination, or calpain. Innovation: Using mutated-GCLC resistant to JNK-induced degradation, the results allowed us to identify impaired GSH recovery as an important contributor to early progression of APAP toxicity after the metabolism of APAP and initial GSH depletion had occurred. Conclusion: Activated JNK interacts directly with GCLC and leads to proteolytic degradation of GCLC. Degradation of GCLC impairs GSH recovery after APAP allowing the continued activation of JNK. Conversely, rapid recovery of GSH inhibits the sustained activation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade and dampens APAP toxicity by suppressing the continued activation of JNK. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 38, 1071-1081.
Keywords: MAP kinases; calpain; hepatotoxicity; oxidative stress; proteasome; reactive oxidative stress.