Introduction: Paraesophageal hernias (PEH) represent a small subset of all hiatal hernias. PEHs are often found incidentally during radiographic or endoscopic studies performed for another reason. While asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic PEHs can be safely observed with nonoperative management, the majority of patients with symptomatic PEHs will benefit from surgical repair, typically via a laparoscopic approach. The decision to pursue surgical repair of PEHs is dependent on a thorough evaluation of the patient's symptoms as well as an appropriate workup of the relevant anatomy. This study aims to review components of the clinical workup of PEHs. Materials and Methods: A review of the contemporary literature addressing the issue of diagnostic workup of patients with PEHs was performed. Information from available studies were collected and organized into a brief review format. Results: Two key principles of the diagnostic evaluation of patients with PEHs include (1) establishing a link between patient symptoms and the PEH, and (2) identifying abnormal anatomy or physiology that may impact surgical repair (e.g., Barrett esophagus, esophageal stricture or diverticulum, delayed gastric emptying). While a multitude of radiographic, endoscopic, and functional testing options are available to evaluate PEH, selection of the appropriate test is dependent on patient clinical presentation. Conclusion: Successful management of PEHs depends on a thorough evaluation of patient symptoms and hernia anatomy. Therefore, patients with PEHs should undergo a history and physical examination, upper endoscopy, and obtain radiographic evaluation of the PEH (e.g., barium esophagram, computed tomography scan). Further testing should be directed by patient symptoms, especially in the case of discordance between symptoms and imaging findings.
Keywords: esophagram; paraesophageal hernia; preoperative evaluation; upper endoscopy.