Associations between serum polychlorinated biphenyls, halogen flame retardants, and renal function indexes in residents of an e-waste recycling area

Abstract

E-waste handling activities release large quantities of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and halogen flame retardants (HFRs) into the surrounding area, creating a high exposure risk for local residents. However, the possibility of PCBs and HFRs exposure contributing to renal injury has not been extensively studied. To fill this knowledge gap, we conducted an epidemiological analysis of adolescents and adults recruited from an e-waste recycling area and a control area. Some PCBs and HFRs compounds were statistically significantly associated with the levels of β₂-microglobulin (β₂-MG), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (SCr), and uric acid, with thyroid hormone-related genes found to partly mediate these associations. The interactions of PCBs and HFRs with metals also influenced renal function indexes. Exposure to high concentrations of PCBs and HFRs resulted in higher levels of β₂-MG and lower levels of BUN and SCr in the exposed group. As indicated by the elevated β₂-MG levels, high exposure to PCBs and HFRs may increase the risk of early renal injury for adolescents. These findings help to clarify the impacts of PCBs and HFRs on renal function and highlight the need to protect the health of residents in regions impacted by e-waste handling activities.

Keywords: Interaction; New halogen flame retardants; Polybrominated diphenyl ethers; Polychlorinated biphenyls; Renal injury; β(2)-microglobulin.