Peptide inhibitors of angiotensin-I converting enzyme based on angiotensin (1-7) with selectivity for the C-terminal domain

Abstract

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a key regulator of human arterial pressure. Several of its effects are modulated by angiotensin II, an octapeptide originating from the action of angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) on the decapeptide angiotensin-I. ACE possess two active sites (nACE and cACE) that have their own kinetic and substrate specificities. ACE inhibitors are widely used as the first-line treatment for hypertension and other heart-related diseases, but because they inactivate both ACE domains, their use is associated with serious side effects. Thus, the search for domain-specific ACE inhibitors has been the focus of intense research. Angiotensin (1-7), a peptide that also belongs to the RAS, acts as a substrate of nACE and an inhibitor of cACE. We have synthetized 15 derivatives of Ang (1-7), sequentially removing the N-terminal amino acids and modifying peptides extremities, to find molecules with improved selectivity and inhibition properties. Ac-Ang (2-7)-NH₂ is a good ACE inhibitor, resistant to cleavage and with improved cACE selectivity. Molecular dynamics simulations provided a model for this peptide's selectivity, due to Val³ and Tyr⁴ interactions with ACE subsites. Val³ has an important interaction with the S₃ subsite, since its removal greatly reduced peptide-enzyme interactions. Taken together, our findings support ongoing studies using insights from the binding of Ac-Ang (2-7)-NH₂ to develop effective cACE inhibitors.

Keywords: Angiotensin (1–7) derivatives; Angiotensin-I converting enzyme; Domain-selective inhibition; Enzyme kinetics; Molecular dynamics; Peptide synthesis.