This article presents the development of a power loss emulation (PLE) system device to study and find ways of mitigating skin tissue heating effects in transcutaneous energy transmission systems (TETS) for existing and next generation left ventricular assist devices (LVADs). Skin thermal profile measurements were made using the PLE system prototype and also separately with a TETS in a porcine model. Subsequent data analysis and separate computer modelling studies permit understanding of the contribution of tissue blood perfusion towards cooling of the subcutaneous tissue around the electromagnetic coupling area. A 2-channel PLE system prototype and a 2-channel TETS prototype were implemented for this study. The heating effects resulting from power transmission inefficiency were investigated under varying conditions of power delivery levels for an implanted device. In the part of the study using the PLE setup, the implanted heating element was placed subcutaneously 6-8 mm below the body surface of in vivo porcine model skin. Two operating modes of transmission coupling power losses were emulated: (a) conventional continuous transmission, and (b) using our proposed pulsed transmission waveform protocols. Experimental skin tissue thermal profiles were studied for various levels of LVAD power. The heating coefficient was estimated from the porcine model measurements (an in vivo living model and a euthanised cadaver model without blood circulation at the end of the experiment). An in silico model to support data interpretation provided reliable experimental and numerical methods for effective wireless transdermal LVAD energization advanced solutions. In the separate second part of the study conducted with a separate set of pigs, a two-channel inductively coupled RF driving system implemented wireless power transfer (WPT) to a resistive LVAD model (50 Ω) to explore continuous versus pulsed RF transmission modes. The RF-transmission pulse duration ranged from 30 ms to 480 ms, and the idle time (no-transmission) from 5 s to 120 s. The results revealed that blood perfusion plays an important cooling role in reducing thermal tissue damage from TETS applications. In addition, the results analysis of the in vivo, cadaver (R1Sp2) model, and in silico studies confirmed that the tissue heating effect was significantly lower in the living model versus the cadaver model due to the presence of blood perfusion cooling effects.
Keywords: Galvani concept; TWESMI concept; cadaver model; left ventricular assist devices (LVAD); medical implants; porcine model; radiofrequency power loss emulator (PLE); skin pulsed heating; subcutaneous thermal profile; transcutaneous wireless power supply.