Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly aggressive malignancy with exceptionally poor prognosis, comprising approximately 15% of lung cancers. Emerging knowledge of the molecular and genomic landscape of SCLC and recent successful clinical applications of new systemic agents have allowed for precision oncology treatment approaches. Imaging is essential for the diagnosis, staging, and treatment monitoring of patients with SCLC. The role of imaging is increasing with the approval of new treatment agents, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, which lead to novel imaging manifestations of response and toxicities. The purpose of this state-of-the-art review is to provide the reader with the latest information about SCLC, focusing on the subtyping of this malignancy (molecular characterization) and the emerging systemic therapeutic approaches and their implications for imaging. The review will also discuss the future directions of SCLC imaging, radiomics and machine learning.
© RSNA, 2022.