Novel color M-mode echocardiography for non-invasive assessment of the intraventricular pressure in goats: Feasibility, repeatability, and the effect of sedation

Ahmed S Mandour; Haney Samir; Tomohiko Yoshida; Katsuhiro Matsuura; Lina Hamabe; Kazumi Shimada; Hend A Abdelmageed; Mohamed Elbadawy; Akiko Uemura; Ken Takahashi; Gen Watanabe; Ryou Tanaka

doi:10.3389/fvets.2022.935437

Novel color M-mode echocardiography for non-invasive assessment of the intraventricular pressure in goats: Feasibility, repeatability, and the effect of sedation

Front Vet Sci. 2022 Oct 6:9:935437. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.935437. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Ahmed S Mandour^{1

2}, Haney Samir³, Tomohiko Yoshida², Katsuhiro Matsuura², Lina Hamabe², Kazumi Shimada², Hend A Abdelmageed⁴, Mohamed Elbadawy^{5

6}, Akiko Uemura⁷, Ken Takahashi⁸, Gen Watanabe⁹, Ryou Tanaka²

Affiliations

¹ Department of Veterinary Medicine (Internal Medicine), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.
² Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
³ Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
⁴ Ismailia Laboratory, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, First District, Ismailia, Egypt.
⁵ Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, Egypt.
⁶ Laboratory of Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
⁷ Division of Veterinary Research, Department of Veterinary Surgery, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan.
⁸ Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
⁹ Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

Abstract

Background: The intraventricular pressure difference (IVPD) and intraventricular pressure gradients (IVPG), estimated from color M-mode echocardiography (CMME) of the transmitral flow, have been introduced as novel indices for the evaluation of heart functions. Until now, no study demonstrated the feasibility of the CMME approach to measure IVPD and IVPG in any farm animals. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility and repeatability of CMME-derived IVPD and IVPG variables in goats and explore the effect of sedation on the measured variables.

Materials and methods: Sixteen male Shiba goats were included in this study and underwent conventional echocardiography. Eight goats were used in the repeatability of IVPD/IVPG variables. Another eight goats were used to evaluate the effect of sedation by xylazine on IVPD/IVPG measurements. CMME between the base and the apex of the left ventricle was carried out. The IVPD and IVPG were analyzed using in-house code software. The IVPD and IVPG were expressed as total, basal, mid-to-apical, mid, and apical segments. Data analysis including the imaging quality score (IQS), repeatability, variability, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), as well as the effect size of sedation on the measured variables was calculated.

Results: IVPD and IVPG variables from CMME were feasible in all goats. Low to moderate variability of IVPD and IVPG variables was observed (CV 95% <25%) except for the apical IVPD and apical IVPG. The IVPD/IVPG measurements were repeatable without a significant effect of animal or time on the obtained measurements. The overall ICC was higher than 0.75 in all variables except for the apical segment. Xylazine administration reduced the total, basal, and mid parts of IVPD and IVPG with a large effect size (biserial ranked correlation; rc > 0.8).

Conclusion: We reported, for the first time, IVPD and IVPG measurements by CMME in goats. The assessment of IVPD and IVPG by CMME is feasible in goats which can be evaluated in further cardiovascular or pharmacological studies in this species.

Keywords: color M-mode echocardiography; feasibility; goats; heart function; intraventricular pressure; sedation.