The deposition of explosive contaminants in particulate form onto the soil surface during low-order detonations can lead to ground and surface water contamination. The vertical fate and transport of insensitive munitions formulation IMX-104 through soil has been thoroughly studied, however the lateral transport of explosive particles on the surface is less known. The objective of this research was to understand the impact of overland flow on the transport of IMX-104 constituent compounds 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX). The effect of overland flow was examined in a rill flume using several flow rates (165-, 265-, and 300-mL min-1) and IMX-104 particle sizes (4.75-9.51 mm, 2.83-4.75 mm, 2-2.83 mm, and <2 mm). We found that the smaller particles were transported more in solution and with the sediment compared to the larger particles, which had a higher percent mass remaining on the surface. As flow rate increased, there was an increase in the percent mass found in solution and sediment and a decrease in the percent mass remaining on the surface. NTO fate was dominated by transport in solution, while DNAN, RDX and HMX were predominantly transported with the sediment. This research provides evidence of the role of overland flow in the fate of energetic compounds.
Keywords: Dissolution; IMX-104; Overland flow; Rill; Transport.
Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.