Treatment of anti-PD-1 refractory melanoma remains a challenge. Intratumoral injection of ONCOS-102, a chimeric oncolytic adenovirus expressing GMCSF, into anti-PD-1-resistant melanoma with administration of pembrolizumab was safe and effective. Response to therapy was associated with increased lymphocyte infiltration and expression of cytotoxicity and costimulatory genes. See related article by Shoushtari et al., p. 100.
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