Insights from computational analysis: Excited-state hydrogen-bonding interactions and ESIPT processes in phenothiazine derivatives

Abstract

Organic materials with Mechanofluorochromism (MFC) properties have potential application value. Phenothiazine derivatives are a class of substances with MFC properties that have been synthesized and reported in experiments (Dyes and Pigments 172 (2020) 107835). Dual fluorescence of a series of phenothiazine derivatives is observed in the experiment, which proved that the ESIPT process is carried out. In this work, we choose phenothiazine derivatives (C2PAHN, C4PAHN, C8PAHN) as models to theoretically analyze the influence of different alkyl chain lengths on the excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT). In addition, the shift value of fluorescence spectrum is related to the length of alkyl chain. The fluorescence shift of C2PAHN is the largest (6.31 nm), and that of C8PAHN is the smallest (2.40 nm). The theory of density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) are adopted to simulate the molecular dynamics in the ground state and excited state. The analysis of the optimized molecular geometry parameters and infrared vibrational spectroscopy (IR) illustrate the stronger hydrogen bonding of the excited state molecules, which is favorable for the progress of ESIPT. Fluorescence spectroscopy reveals that the appropriate increase or decrease of alkyl chains would change the photophysical properties of the molecules. Frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) indicate that the rearrangement of electron density from electronic level to is the driving force of the ESIPT process. Reduction density gradient (RDG) surfaces and Natural Population Analysis (NPA) tentatively lead to the conclusion that alkyl chain length is inversely proportional to hydrogen bond strength. Finally, the data are qualitatively analyzed by scanning the potential energy curves, and it is concluded that the longer the alkyl chain, the weaker the hydrogen bonding effect and the more unfavorable the ESIPT process.

Keywords: Alkyl chain length; Excited state intramolecular proton transfer; Photophysical properties.