Electrochemical sensor for the detection of adrenaline at poly(crystal violet) modified electrode: optimization and voltammetric studies

Saheed E Elugoke; Omolola E Fayemi; Abolanle S Adekunle; El-Sayed M Sherif; Eno E Ebenso

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10835

Electrochemical sensor for the detection of adrenaline at poly(crystal violet) modified electrode: optimization and voltammetric studies

Heliyon. 2022 Oct 4;8(10):e10835. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10835. eCollection 2022 Oct.

Authors

Saheed E Elugoke^{1

2}, Omolola E Fayemi^{1

2}, Abolanle S Adekunle³, El-Sayed M Sherif^{4

5}, Eno E Ebenso⁶

Affiliations

¹ Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University (Mafikeng Campus), Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa.
² Material Science Innovation and Modelling (MaSIM) Research Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University (Mafikeng Campus), Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa.
³ Department of Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 220005, Nigeria.
⁴ Research Chair for Tribology, Surface, and Interface Sciences (TSIS), Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
⁵ Center of Excellence for Research in Engineering Materials (CEREM), King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Al-Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia.
⁶ Centre for Material Science, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa.

Abstract

Herein, we report the electropolymerization of crystal violet (CRV) on a bare glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for the detection of adrenaline (AD). Electropolymerization parameters such as electrolyte pH, scan rate and monomer concentrations were optimized using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The characterization of CRV and poly(crystal violet) (PCV) was done using FT-IR, UV-visible spectroscopy and EIS. More importantly, the charge transfer resistance (R_ct) and other EIS data recorded from the EIS of various forms of the poly(crystal violet) (PCV) modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) in AD were used for identifying the best PCV modified electrode. Subsequent application of the electrode prepared at optimum conditions (PGCE) for AD detection using the square wave voltammetry (SWV) gave a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.86 μM over a linear range of 10.3-102.7 μM. This sensor also showed considerable stability, good AD recovery from the real sample (98.9%), and excellent reproducibility, making it a suitable analytical tool for AD detection at the micromolar level.

Keywords: Adrenaline; Crystal violet; Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; Electropolymerization; Square wave voltammetry.