Neurocognitive correlates of probable posttraumatic stress disorder following traumatic brain injury

Dominique L G Van Praag; Kristien Wouters; Filip Van Den Eede; Lindsay Wilson; Andrew I R Maas; CENTER-TBI investigators and participants

doi:10.1016/j.bas.2021.100854

Neurocognitive correlates of probable posttraumatic stress disorder following traumatic brain injury

Brain Spine. 2021 Dec 22:2:100854. doi: 10.1016/j.bas.2021.100854. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Dominique L G Van Praag^{1

2}, Kristien Wouters³, Filip Van Den Eede^{2

4}, Lindsay Wilson^{1

5}, Andrew I R Maas⁶; CENTER-TBI investigators and participants

Collaborators

CENTER-TBI investigators and participants:
Cecilia Åkerlund⁷, Krisztina Amrein⁸, Nada Andelic⁹, Lasse Andreassen¹⁰, Audny Anke¹¹, Anna Antoni¹², Gérard Audibert¹³, Philippe Azouvi¹⁴, Maria Luisa Azzolini¹⁵, Ronald Bartels¹⁶, Pál Barzó¹⁷, Romuald Beauvais¹⁸, Ronny Beer¹⁹, Bo-Michael Bellander²⁰, Antonio Belli²¹, Habib Benali²², Maurizio Berardino²³, Luigi Beretta¹⁵, Morten Blaabjerg²⁴, Peter Bragge²⁵, Alexandra Brazinova²⁶, Vibeke Brinck²⁷, Joanne Brooker²⁸, Camilla Brorsson²⁹, Andras Buki³⁰, Monika Bullinger³¹, Manuel Cabeleira³², Alessio Caccioppola³³, Emiliana Calappi³³, Maria Rosa Calvi¹⁵, Peter Cameron³⁴, Guillermo Carbayo Lozano³⁵, Marco Carbonara³³, Simona Cavallo²³, Giorgio Chevallard³⁶, Arturo Chieregato³⁶, Giuseppe Citerio^{37

38}, Iris Ceyisakar³⁹, Hans Clusmann⁴⁰, Mark Coburn⁴¹, Jonathan Coles⁴², Jamie D Cooper³⁴, Marta Correia⁴³, Amra Čović⁴⁴, Nicola Curry⁴⁵, Endre Czeiter³⁰, Marek Czosnyka³², Claire Dahyot-Fizelier⁴⁶, Paul Dark⁴⁷, Helen Dawes⁴⁸, Véronique De Keyser⁴⁹, Vincent Degos²², Francesco Della Corte⁵⁰, Hugo den Boogert¹⁶, Bart Depreitere⁵¹, Đula Đilvesi⁵², Abhishek Dixit⁵³, Emma Donoghue²⁸, Jens Dreier⁵⁴, Guy-Loup Dulière⁵⁵, Ari Ercole⁵³, Patrick Esser⁴⁸, Erzsébet Ezer⁵⁶, Martin Fabricius⁵⁷, Valery L Feigin⁵⁸, Kelly Foks⁵⁹, Shirin Frisvold⁶⁰, Alex Furmanov⁶¹, Pablo Gagliardo⁶², Damien Galanaud²², Dashiell Gantner⁶³, Guoyi Gao⁶⁴, Pradeep George⁶⁵, Alexandre Ghuysen⁶⁶, Lelde Giga⁶⁷, Ben Glocker⁶⁸, Jagoš Golubovic⁵², Pedro A Gomez⁶⁹, Johannes Gratz⁷⁰, Benjamin Gravesteijn³⁹, Francesca Grossi⁵⁰, Russell L Gruen⁷¹, Deepak Gupta⁷², Juanita A Haagsma³⁹, Iain Haitsma⁷³, Raimund Helbok¹⁹, Eirik Helseth⁷⁴, Lindsay Horton⁷⁵, Jilske Huijben³⁹, Peter J Hutchinson⁷⁶, Bram Jacobs⁷⁷, Stefan Jankowski⁷⁸, Mike Jarrett²⁷, Ji-Yao Jiang⁶⁴, Faye Johnson⁷⁹, Kelly Jones⁵⁸, Mladen Karan⁵², Angelos G Kolias⁷⁶, Erwin Kompanje⁷⁷, Daniel Kondziella⁵⁷, Evgenios Koraropoulos⁵³, Lars-Owe Koskinen⁸⁰, Noémi Kovács⁸¹, Ana Kowark⁴¹, Alfonso Lagares⁶⁹, Linda Lanyon⁶⁵, Steven Laureys⁸², Fiona Lecky^{83

84}, Didier Ledoux⁸², Rolf Lefering⁸⁵, Valerie Legrand⁸⁶, Aurelie Lejeune⁸⁷, Leon Levi⁸⁸, Roger Lightfoot⁸⁹, Hester Lingsma³⁹, Andrew Ir Maas⁴⁹, Ana M Castaño-León⁶⁹, Marc Maegele⁹⁰, Marek Majdan²⁶, Alex Manara⁹¹, Geoffrey Manley⁹², Costanza Martino⁹³, Hugues Maréchal⁵⁵, Julia Mattern⁹⁴, Catherine McMahon⁹⁵, Béla Melegh⁹⁶, David Menon⁵³, Tomas Menovsky⁴⁹, Ana Mikolic³⁹, Benoit Misset⁸², Visakh Muraleedharan⁶⁵, Lynnette Murray⁶³, Ancuta Negru⁹⁷, David Nelson⁷, Virginia Newcombe⁵³, Daan Nieboer³⁹, József Nyirádi⁸, Otesile Olubukola⁸³, Matej Oresic⁹⁸, Fabrizio Ortolano³³, Aarno Palotie^{99

100

101}, Paul M Parizel¹⁰², Jean-François Payen¹⁰³, Natascha Perera¹⁸, Vincent Perlbarg²², Paolo Persona¹⁰⁴, Wilco Peul¹⁰⁵, Anna Piippo-Karjalainen¹⁰⁶, Matti Pirinen⁹⁹, Horia Ples⁹⁷, Suzanne Polinder³⁹, Inigo Pomposo³⁵, Jussi P Posti¹⁰⁷, Louis Puybasset¹⁰⁸, Andreea Radoi¹⁰⁹, Arminas Ragauskas¹¹⁰, Rahul Raj¹⁰⁶, Malinka Rambadagalla¹¹¹, Jonathan Rhodes¹¹², Sylvia Richardson¹¹³, Sophie Richter⁵³, Samuli Ripatti⁹⁹, Saulius Rocka¹¹⁰, Cecilie Roe¹¹⁴, Olav Roise^{115

116}, Jonathan Rosand¹¹⁷, Jeffrey V Rosenfeld¹¹⁸, Christina Rosenlund¹¹⁹, Guy Rosenthal⁶¹, Rolf Rossaint⁴¹, Sandra Rossi¹⁰⁴, Daniel Rueckert⁶⁸, Martin Rusnák¹²⁰, Juan Sahuquillo¹⁰⁹, Oliver Sakowitz^{94

121}, Renan Sanchez-Porras¹²¹, Janos Sandor¹²², Nadine Schäfer⁸⁵, Silke Schmidt¹²³, Herbert Schoechl¹²⁴, Guus Schoonman¹²⁵, Rico Frederik Schou¹²⁶, Elisabeth Schwendenwein¹², Charlie Sewalt³⁹, Toril Skandsen^{127

128}, Peter Smielewski³², Abayomi Sorinola¹²⁹, Emmanuel Stamatakis⁵³, Simon Stanworth⁴⁵, Robert Stevens¹³⁰, William Stewart¹³¹, Ewout W Steyerberg^{39

132}, Nino Stocchetti¹³³, Nina Sundström¹³⁴, Anneliese Synnot^{28

135}, Riikka Takala¹³⁶, Viktória Tamás¹²⁹, Tomas Tamosuitis¹³⁷, Mark Steven Taylor²⁶, Braden Te Ao⁵⁸, Olli Tenovuo¹⁰⁷, Alice Theadom⁵⁸, Matt Thomas⁹¹, Dick Tibboel¹³⁸, Marjolein Timmers¹³⁹, Christos Tolias¹⁴⁰, Tony Trapani⁶³, Cristina Maria Tudora⁹⁷, Andreas Unterberg⁹⁴, Peter Vajkoczy¹⁴¹, Shirley Vallance⁶³, Egils Valeinis⁶⁷, Zoltán Vámos⁵⁶, Mathieu van der Jagt¹⁴², Gregory Van der Steen⁴⁹, Joukje van der Naalt⁷⁷, Jeroen Tjm van Dijck¹⁰⁵, Thomas A van Essen¹⁰⁵, Wim Van Hecke¹⁴³, Caroline van Heugten⁴⁸, Dominique Van Praag¹⁴⁴, Thijs Vande Vyvere¹⁴³, Roel Pj van Wijk¹⁰⁵, Alessia Vargiolu³⁸, Emmanuel Vega⁸⁷, Kimberley Velt³⁹, Jan Verheyden¹⁴³, Paul M Vespa¹⁴⁵, Anne Vik^{127

146}, Rimantas Vilcinis¹³⁷, Victor Volovici⁷³, Nicole von Steinbüchel⁴⁴, Daphne Voormolen³⁹, Petar Vulekovic⁵², Kevin Kw Wang¹⁴⁷, Eveline Wiegers³⁹, Guy Williams⁵³, Lindsay Wilson⁷⁵, Stefan Winzeck⁵³, Stefan Wolf¹⁴⁸, Zhihui Yang¹⁴⁷, Peter Ylén¹⁴⁹, Alexander Younsi⁹⁴, Frederick A Zeiler^{53

150}, Veronika Zelinkova²⁶, Agate Ziverte⁶⁷, Tommaso Zoerle³³

Affiliations

¹ Department of Psychology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
² Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Drie Eikenstraat 655, 2650, Edegem, Belgium.
³ Clinical Trial Centre (CTC), CRC Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
⁴ Department of Psychiatry, Antwerp University Hospital, Drie Eikenstraat 655, 2650, Edegem, Belgium.
⁵ Division of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom.
⁶ Department of Neurosurgery, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem and University of Antwerp, Drie Eikenstraat 655, 2650, Edegem, Belgium.
⁷ Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁸ János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
⁹ Division of Surgery and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
¹⁰ Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway.
¹¹ Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway.
¹² Trauma Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
¹³ Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, University Hospital Nancy, Nancy, France.
¹⁴ Raymond Poincare Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France.
¹⁵ Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, S Raffaele University Hospital, Milan, Italy.
¹⁶ Department of Neurosurgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
¹⁷ Department of Neurosurgery, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
¹⁸ International Projects Management, ARTTIC, Munchen, Germany.
¹⁹ Department of Neurology, Neurological Intensive Care Unit, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
²⁰ Department of Neurosurgery & Anesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
²¹ NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, Birmingham, UK.
²² Anesthesie-Réanimation, Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France.
²³ Department of Anesthesia & ICU, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino - Orthopedic and Trauma Center, Torino, Italy.
²⁴ Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
²⁵ BehaviourWorks Australia, Monash Sustainability Institute, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.
²⁶ Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Work, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia.
²⁷ Quesgen Systems Inc., Burlingame, CA, USA.
²⁸ Australian & New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
²⁹ Department of Surgery and Perioperative Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
³⁰ Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary and Neurotrauma Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Hungary.
³¹ Department of Medical Psychology, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
³² Brain Physics Lab, Division of Neurosurgery, Dept of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
³³ Neuro ICU, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
³⁴ School of Public Health & PM, Monash University and The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
³⁵ Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital of Cruces, Bilbao, Spain.
³⁶ NeuroIntensive Care, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy.
³⁷ School of Medicine and Surgery, Università Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy.
³⁸ NeuroIntensive Care, ASST di Monza, Monza, Italy.
³⁹ Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
⁴⁰ Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
⁴¹ Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital of Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
⁴² Department of Anesthesia & Neurointensive Care, Cambridge University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
⁴³ Radiology/MRI department, MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK.
⁴⁴ Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
⁴⁵ Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK.
⁴⁶ Intensive Care Unit, CHU Poitiers, Potiers, France.
⁴⁷ University of Manchester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Critical Care Directorate, Salford Royal Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK.
⁴⁸ Movement Science Group, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.
⁴⁹ Department of Neurosurgery, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium.
⁵⁰ Department of Anesthesia & Intensive Care, Maggiore Della Carità Hospital, Novara, Italy.
⁵¹ Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
⁵² Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Centre of Vojvodina, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia.
⁵³ Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
⁵⁴ Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
⁵⁵ Intensive Care Unit, CHR Citadelle, Liège, Belgium.
⁵⁶ Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
⁵⁷ Departments of Neurology, Clinical Neurophysiology and Neuroanesthesiology, Region Hovedstaden Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
⁵⁸ National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Studies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
⁵⁹ Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
⁶⁰ Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway.
⁶¹ Department of Neurosurgery, Hadassah-hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
⁶² Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Neurorrehabilitación (FIVAN), Valencia, Spain.
⁶³ ANZIC Research Centre, Monash University, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
⁶⁴ Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University/school of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
⁶⁵ Karolinska Institutet, INCF International Neuroinformatics Coordinating Facility, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁶⁶ Emergency Department, CHU, Liège, Belgium.
⁶⁷ Neurosurgery Clinic, Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia.
⁶⁸ Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK.
⁶⁹ Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.
⁷⁰ Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
⁷¹ College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
⁷² Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosciences Centre & JPN Apex Trauma Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
⁷³ Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
⁷⁴ Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
⁷⁵ Division of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK.
⁷⁶ Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital & University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
⁷⁷ Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
⁷⁸ Neurointensive Care, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK.
⁷⁹ Salford Royal Hospital NHS Foundation Trust Acute Research Delivery Team, Salford, UK.
⁸⁰ Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurosurgery, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
⁸¹ Hungarian Brain Research Program - Grant No. KTIA_13_NAP-A-II/8, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
⁸² Cyclotron Research Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
⁸³ Centre for Urgent and Emergency Care Research (CURE), Health Services Research Section, School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
⁸⁴ Emergency Department, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, UK.
⁸⁵ Institute of Research in Operative Medicine (IFOM), Witten/Herdecke University, Cologne, Germany.
⁸⁶ VP Global Project Management CNS, ICON, Paris, France.
⁸⁷ Department of Anesthesiology-Intensive Care, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France.
⁸⁸ Department of Neurosurgery, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.
⁸⁹ Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, University Hospitals Southhampton NHS Trust, Southhampton, UK.
⁹⁰ Cologne-Merheim Medical Center (CMMC), Department of Traumatology, Orthopedic Surgery and Sportmedicine, Witten/Herdecke University, Cologne, Germany.
⁹¹ Intensive Care Unit, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, Bristol, UK.
⁹² Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
⁹³ Department of Anesthesia & Intensive Care,M. Bufalini Hospital, Cesena, Italy.
⁹⁴ Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
⁹⁵ Department of Neurosurgery, The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK.
⁹⁶ Department of Medical Genetics, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
⁹⁷ Department of Neurosurgery, Emergency County Hospital Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania.
⁹⁸ School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
⁹⁹ Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
¹⁰⁰ Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
¹⁰¹ Program in Medical and Population Genetics, The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
¹⁰² Department of Radiology, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium.
¹⁰³ Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, University Hospital of Grenoble, Grenoble, France.
¹⁰⁴ Department of Anesthesia & Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliera Università di Padova, Padova, Italy.
¹⁰⁵ Dept. of Neurosurgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands and Dept. of Neurosurgery, Medical Center Haaglanden, The Hague, the Netherlands.
¹⁰⁶ Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland.
¹⁰⁷ Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Neurosurgery and Turku Brain Injury Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
¹⁰⁸ Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Pitié -Salpêtrière Teaching Hospital, Assistance Publique, Hôpitaux de Paris and University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
¹⁰⁹ Neurotraumatology and Neurosurgery Research Unit (UNINN), Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.
¹¹⁰ Department of Neurosurgery, Kaunas University of Technology and Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
¹¹¹ Department of Neurosurgery, Rezekne Hospital, Latvia.
¹¹² Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine NHS Lothian & University of Edinburg, Edinburgh, UK.
¹¹³ MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, Cambridge, UK.
¹¹⁴ Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital/University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
¹¹⁵ Division of Orthopedics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
¹¹⁶ Institue of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
¹¹⁷ Broad Institute, Cambridge MA Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
¹¹⁸ National Trauma Research Institute, The Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
¹¹⁹ Department of Neurosurgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
¹²⁰ International Neurotrauma Research Organisation, Vienna, Austria.
¹²¹ Klinik für Neurochirurgie, Klinikum Ludwigsburg, Ludwigsburg, Germany.
¹²² Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
¹²³ Department Health and Prevention, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
¹²⁴ Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, AUVA Trauma Hospital, Salzburg, Austria.
¹²⁵ Department of Neurology, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Ziekenhuis, Tilburg, the Netherlands.
¹²⁶ Department of Neuroanesthesia and Neurointensive Care, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
¹²⁷ Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.
¹²⁸ Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, St.Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
¹²⁹ Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
¹³⁰ Division of Neuroscience Critical Care, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
¹³¹ Department of Neuropathology, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital and University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
¹³² Dept. of Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
¹³³ Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Milan University, and Neuroscience ICU, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy.
¹³⁴ Department of Radiation Sciences, Biomedical Engineering, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
¹³⁵ Cochrane Consumers and Communication Review Group, Centre for Health Communication and Participation, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
¹³⁶ Perioperative Services, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Management, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
¹³⁷ Department of Neurosurgery, Kaunas University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
¹³⁸ Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
¹³⁹ Department of Intensive Care and Department of Ethics and Philosophy of Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
¹⁴⁰ Department of Neurosurgery, Kings College London, London, UK.
¹⁴¹ Neurologie, Neurochirurgie und Psychiatrie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
¹⁴² Department of Intensive Care Adults, Erasmus MC- University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
¹⁴³ IcoMetrix NV, Leuven, Belgium.
¹⁴⁴ Department of Psychology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.
¹⁴⁵ Director of Neurocritical Care, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
¹⁴⁶ Department of Neurosurgery, St.Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
¹⁴⁷ Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
¹⁴⁸ Department of Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
¹⁴⁹ VTT Technical Research Centre, Tampere, Finland.
¹⁵⁰ Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.

Abstract

Introduction: Neurocognitive problems associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can interact with impairment resulting from traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Research question: We aimed to identify neurocognitive problems associated with probable PTSD following TBI in a civilian sample.

Material and methods: The study is part of the CENTER-TBI project (Collaborative European Neurotrauma Effectiveness Research) that aims to better characterize TBI. For this cross-sectional study, we included patients of all severities aged over 15, and a Glasgow Outcome Score Extended (GOSE) above 3. Participants were assessed at six months post-injury on the PTSD Checklist-5 (PCL-5), the Trail Making Test (TMT), the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) and the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB). Primary analysis was a complete case analysis. Regression analyses were performed to investigate the association between the PCL-5 and cognition.

Results: Of the 1134 participants included in the complete case analysis, 13.5% screened positive for PTSD. Probable PTSD was significantly associated with higher TMT-(B-A) (OR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.14-1.60, p < .001) and lower RAVLT-delayed recall scores (OR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.61-0.91, p = .004) after controlling for age, sex, psychiatric history, baseline Glasgow Coma Scale and education.

Discussion and conclusion: Poorer performance on cognitive tests assessing task switching and, to a lesser extent, delayed verbal recall is associated with probable PTSD in civilians who have suffered TBI.

Keywords: Cognition; Head injury; Neuropsychology; Posttraumatic stress disorder; Stress.