Fermented camel milk enriched with plant sterols improves lipid profile and atherogenic index in rats fed high -fat and -cholesterol diets

Sami A Althwab; Samar A Alamro; Waleed Al Abdulmonem; Khaled S Allemailem; Saud A Alarifi; Essam M Hamad

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10871

Fermented camel milk enriched with plant sterols improves lipid profile and atherogenic index in rats fed high -fat and -cholesterol diets

Heliyon. 2022 Oct 2;8(10):e10871. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10871. eCollection 2022 Oct.

Authors

Sami A Althwab¹, Samar A Alamro¹, Waleed Al Abdulmonem², Khaled S Allemailem³, Saud A Alarifi⁴, Essam M Hamad^{1

5}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, 51452 Buraidah, Saudi Arabia.
² Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, P.O. Box 6655, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia.
³ Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraidah 6699, Saudi Arabia.
⁴ Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia.
⁵ Department of Dairy Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt.

Abstract

The current study was designed to explore the effect of fermented camel milk, plant sterols and their combination on the blood levels of sd-LDL and atherogenicity in rats fed on high-fat-cholesterol diets (HFC). Forty male Wistar rats were distributed into five groups: Normal control (NC), Positive control (PC, HFC), plant sterol (PS, HFC containing 1% (w/w) β-sitosterol:Stigmasterols; 9:1), FM (HFC containing 4% (w/w) lyophilized fermented camel milk), and PSFM (HFC containing 1% (w/w) plant sterols +4% (w/w) lyophilized fermented camel milk). Antioxidant activity showed that β-sitosterol had the highest radical scavenging activity, followed by fermented camel milk and stigmasterol (p < 0.05). Feeding rats on HFC for 8 weeks resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) increase in blood lipids of PC group compared with NC group. Administration of PS, FM, and PSFM resulted in a significant reduction in atherogenic index (50, 24.5, and 41.5 %, p < 0.05), and sd-LDL levels (73, 45, and 59%, p < 0.05), respectively. Only the FM group showed a significant reduction in triglycerides levels of rats. Administration of PS, FM and PSFM decreased serum MDA levels significantly by 58.7, 45.4, and 69% (p < 0.05), and increased total antioxidant capacity by 35.9, 84.8, and 38.3% (p < 0.05), respectively. This is the first report to the best of our knowledge that shows fermented camel milk enriched with plant sterol could reduce atherogenesis and cardiovascular diseases activity via inhibition of the status of small dense LDL and oxidative stress.

Keywords: Cardiovascular disease; Fermented camel milk; High fat cholesterol diet; Oxidative stress; Plant sterols; Small dense LDL.