The transurethral resection of the prostate (TUR-P) is an option for benign prostatic diseases, especially nodular hyperplasia patients who have moderate to severe urinary problems that have not responded to medication. Importantly, incidental prostate cancer is diagnosed at the time of TUR-P for benign prostatic disease. TUR-P specimens contain a large number of fragmented prostate tissues; this makes them time consuming to examine for pathologists as they have to check each fragment one by one. In this study, we trained deep learning models to classify TUR-P WSIs into prostate adenocarcinoma and benign (non-neoplastic) lesions using transfer and weakly supervised learning. We evaluated the models on TUR-P, needle biopsy, and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) public dataset test sets, achieving an ROC-AUC up to 0.984 in TUR-P test sets for adenocarcinoma. The results demonstrate the promising potential of deployment in a practical TUR-P histopathological diagnostic workflow system to improve the efficiency of pathologists.
Keywords: adenocarcinoma; deep learning; transfer learning; transurethral resection of the prostate; weakly supervised learning; whole-slide image.