The effect of low doses of chlorpyrifos on blood and bone marrow cells in Wistar rats

Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 2022 Sep 30;73(3):223-232. doi: 10.2478/aiht-2022-73-3665. eCollection 2022 Sep 1.

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the genotoxic potential of low doses of chlorpyrifos (CPF) on blood and bone marrow cells in adult male Wistar rats. CPF was administered by oral gavage at daily doses of 0.010, 0.015, and 0.160 mg/kg of body weight (bw) for 28 consecutive days. Positive control (PC) was administered 300 mg/kg bw/day of ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) for the final three days of the experiment. Toxic outcomes of exposure were determined with the in vivo micronucleus (MN) assay and alkaline comet assay. The 28-day exposure to the 0.015 mg/kg CPF dose, which was three times higher than the current value of acute reference dose (ARfD), reduced body weight gain in rats the most. The in vivo MN assay showed significant differences in number of reticulocytes per 1000 erythrocytes between PC and negative control (NC) and between all control groups and the groups exposed to 0.015 and 0.160 mg/kg bw/day of CPF. The number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes per 2000 erythrocytes was significantly higher in the PC than the NC group or group exposed to 0.015 mg/kg bw/day of CPF. CPF treatment did not significantly increase primary DNA damage in bone marrow cells compared to the NC group. However, the damage in bone marrow cells of CPF-exposed rats was much higher than the one recorded in leukocytes, established in the previous research. Both assays proved to be successful for the assessment of CPFinduced genome instability in Wistar rats. However, the exact mechanisms of damage have to be further investigated and confirmed by other, more sensitive methods.

Istražen je genotoksični potencijal niskih doza klorpirifosa na uzorcima krvi i stanica koštane srži u odraslih mužjaka štakora soja Wistar. Pokusnim je životinjama klorpirifos bio 28 dana oralno apliciran pomoću sonde u dnevnim dozama od 0,010 mg/kg t. m., 0,015 mg/kg t. m. i 0,160 mg/kg t. m. Kao pozitivna kontrola korišten je etil metan sulfonat (EMS) u dozi od 300 mg/kg t. m. tijekom posljednja tri dana pokusa. Toksični ishodi izloženosti klorpirifosu istraženi su primjenom in vivo mikronukleus (MN) testa i alkalnoga komet-testa. Utvrdili smo da je 28-dnevna izloženost klorpirifosu u dozi od 0,015 mg/kg t. m./dan, koja je trostruko viša od važeće vrijednosti akutne referentne doze, u najvećoj mjeri smanjila prirast tjelesne mase štakora. Rezultati MN-testa upućuju na značajne razlike u broju retikulocita na 1000 eritrocita između pozitivne i negativne kontrole te između obiju kontrola i skupina izloženih klorpirifosu u dnevnim dozama 0,015 i 0,160 mg/kg t. m. Broj polikromatskih eritrocita s mikronukleusima na 2000 eritrocita u pozitivnoj kontroli bio je značajno povećan u usporedbi s negativnom kontrolom te s uzorcima krvi štakora izloženih klorpirifosu u dnevnoj dozi od 0,015 mg/kg t. m. Izloženost CPF-u nije uzrokovala statistički značajan porast razine primarnih oštećenja DNA u stanicama koštane srži u usporedbi s razinama spontanih oštećenja DNA, izmjerenima alkalnim komet-testom u negativnoj kontroli. Međutim, razine oštećenja u stanicama koštane srži štakora izloženih klorpirifosu bile su značajno više od onih zabilježenih u leukocitima, koje su poznate iz prethodnih istraživanja. Oba su se testa pokazala uspješnima za procjenu nestabilnosti genoma izazvanih klorpirifosom u Wistar štakora. Međutim, točni mehanizmi oštećenja moraju se dodatno istražiti i potvrditi drugim osjetljivijim metodama.

Keywords: alkaline comet assay; alkalni komet-test; body weight changes; genotoksičnost; genotoxicity; in vivo micronucleus assay; in vivo mikronukleus test; low doses; niske doze; promjene tjelesne mase.

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Body Weight
  • Bone Marrow Cells
  • Chlorpyrifos* / toxicity
  • Comet Assay / methods
  • DNA Damage
  • Male
  • Methane
  • Micronucleus Tests / methods
  • Rats
  • Rats, Wistar

Substances

  • Chlorpyrifos
  • Methane