Analysis of Modifiable, Non-Modifiable, and Physiological Risk Factors of Non-Communicable Diseases in Indonesia: Evidence from the 2018 Indonesian Basic Health Research

Hidayat Arifin; Kuei-Ru Chou; Kusman Ibrahim; Siti Ulfah Rifa'atul Fitri; Rifky Octavia Pradipta; Yohanes Andy Rias; Nikson Sitorus; Bayu Satria Wiratama; Agus Setiawan; Setyowati Setyowati; Heri Kuswanto; Devi Mediarti; Rosnani Rosnani; Rumentalia Sulistini; Tuti Pahria

doi:10.2147/JMDH.S382191

Analysis of Modifiable, Non-Modifiable, and Physiological Risk Factors of Non-Communicable Diseases in Indonesia: Evidence from the 2018 Indonesian Basic Health Research

J Multidiscip Healthc. 2022 Sep 30:15:2203-2221. doi: 10.2147/JMDH.S382191. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Hidayat Arifin^{1

2}, Kuei-Ru Chou², Kusman Ibrahim¹, Siti Ulfah Rifa'atul Fitri¹, Rifky Octavia Pradipta³, Yohanes Andy Rias⁴, Nikson Sitorus⁵, Bayu Satria Wiratama⁶, Agus Setiawan⁷, Setyowati Setyowati⁸, Heri Kuswanto⁹, Devi Mediarti¹⁰, Rosnani Rosnani¹⁰, Rumentalia Sulistini¹⁰, Tuti Pahria¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Medical and Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia.
² School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
³ Department of Fundamental Nursing Care, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.
⁴ Department of Medical and Surgical Nursing, Institut Ilmu Kesehatan Bhakti Wiyata Kediri, Kediri, Indonesia.
⁵ Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia.
⁶ Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
⁷ Department of Community Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia.
⁸ Department of Maternity Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia.
⁹ Department of Statistics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia.
¹⁰ Politeknik Kesehatan Kemenkes Palembang, Palembang, Indonesia.

Abstract

Purpose: Indonesia is facing an increasing occurrence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) every year. We assessed the modifiable, non-modifiable, and physiological risk factors of NCDs among the Indonesian population.

Methods: Secondary data was analyzed from the 2018 Indonesian basic health research (RISKESDAS). The national survey included participants aged 15-54 years and obtained 514,351 responses. Linear systematic two-stage sampling was conducted by RISKESDAS. Furthermore, chi-square and binary logistic regression were utilized to explore the determinant of NCDs with a significance level of 95%.

Results: We found that almost 10% respondents in Indonesia had NCDs. We observed that depression has a higher odd (aOR: 2.343; 95% CI: 2.235-2.456) contributed to NCDs and followed other factors such as no education (aOR: 1.049; 95% CI: 1.007-1.092), passive smoking (aOR: 0.910; 95% CI: 0.878-0.942), fatty food (aOR: 1.050; 95% CI: 1.029-1.073), burnt food (aOR: 1.033; 95% CI: 1.005-1.062), food with preservatives (aOR: 1.038; 95% CI: 1.002-1.075), seasoned food (aOR: 1.057; 95% CI: 1.030-1.084), soft drinks (aOR: 1.112; 95% CI: 1.057-1.169), living in an urban area (aOR: 1.143; 95% CI: 1.119-1.168), living in central Indonesia (1.243; 95% CI: 1.187-1.302), being female (aOR: 1.235; 95% CI: 1.177-1.25), and obese (aOR: 1.787; 95% CI: 1.686-1.893). Conversely, people in Indonesia who undertook vigorous activity (aOR: 0.892; 95% CI: 0.864-0.921), had employment (aOR: 0.814; 95% CI: 0.796-0.834), had access to improved sources of drinking water (aOR: 0.910; 95% CI: 0.878-0.942), and were aged 35-44 years (aOR: 0.457; 95% CI: 0.446-0.467) were less likely to develop NCDs.

Conclusion: Modifiable, non-modifiable, and physiological risk factors have a significant influence on NCDs in Indonesia. This finding can be valuable information for Indonesian Government to arrange a cross-collaboration between government, healthcare workers, and society through advocacy, partnership, health promotion, early detection, and management of NCDs.

Keywords: Indonesia; NCDs; RISKESDAS; non-communicable diseases.