Detection of intracellular sodium ions based on phenotype-specific activation of NaA43 DNAzyme

Abstract

The intracellular sodium ion is one of the crucial elements for regulating physiological functions such as action potential and muscle contractions. However, detecting sodium ions in live cells is challenging because false signals may arise from the abundant sodium ions in the extracellular environment when introducing the detection agents. To minimize it, we report a DNAzyme-based detection of sodium ions in live cells via activation by endogenous mRNA. The substrate strand of DNAzyme first hybridizes to a blocking strand that prevents undesired cleavage of DNAzyme when delivered. Once entering cells, an endogenous mRNA biomarker binds to the toehold region of the blocking strand and displaces it, allowing the proper formation of the DNAzyme, which specifically catalyzes the cleavage of the substrate strand in the presence of intracellular Na⁺ and produces fluorescence signals. Using differentiating skeletal muscle cells as the model system, we demonstrated the successful delivery and phenotype-specific detection of intracellular sodium ions only in differentiated myotubes with highly-expressed myosin heavy chain mRNA. Moreover, using a drug cocktail to increase the permeability of the cell membrane, elevated levels of intracellular sodium ion was observed. This platform offers a broad and promising strategy for detecting intracellular metal ions, suggesting a great potential for understanding its role in cell/tissue physiology.

Keywords: DNAzyme; Live cells; Sodium ions; Strand displacement; mRNA.