Xanthine oxidase inhibitory study of eight structurally diverse phenolic compounds

Arshad Mehmood; Jiayi Li; Ashfaq Ur Rehman; Rovina Kobun; Inam U Llah; Imran Khan; Fayez Althobaiti; Sarah Albogami; Muhammad Usman; Fahad Alharthi; Mohamed Mohamed Soliman; Sanabil Yaqoob; Kanza Aziz Awan; Liang Zhao; Lei Zhao

doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.966557

Xanthine oxidase inhibitory study of eight structurally diverse phenolic compounds

Front Nutr. 2022 Sep 20:9:966557. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.966557. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Arshad Mehmood^{1

2}, Jiayi Li³, Ashfaq Ur Rehman³, Rovina Kobun⁴, Inam U Llah², Imran Khan², Fayez Althobaiti⁵, Sarah Albogami⁵, Muhammad Usman¹, Fahad Alharthi⁶, Mohamed Mohamed Soliman⁷, Sanabil Yaqoob⁸, Kanza Aziz Awan⁸, Liang Zhao¹, Lei Zhao¹

Affiliations

¹ Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.
² Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan.
³ State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
⁴ Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia.
⁵ Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.
⁶ Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.
⁷ Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, Turabah University College, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.
⁸ Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.

Abstract

This project was designed to explore the xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory mechanism of eight structurally diverse phenolic compounds [quercetin: C1, quercetin-3-rhamnoside: C2, 4, 5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid: C3, 3, 5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid: C4, 3, 4-O-di-caffeoylquinic acid: C5, 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid (C6), 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid: C7, and caffeic acid: C8]. For this purpose, in-vitro and different computational methods were applied to determine the xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory potential of eight structurally diverse phenolic compounds. The results revealed that phenolic compounds (C1-C8) possess strong to weak XO inhibitory activity. These results were further confirmed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and ¹H NMR analysis. Furthermore, computational study results revealed that phenolic compounds (C1-C8) bind with the surrounding amino acids of XO at the molybdenum (MO) site. These in-vitro and in-silico results divulge that phenolic compounds have a strong potential to lower uric acid levels via interacting with the XO enzyme and can be used to combat hyperuricemia.

Keywords: atomic force microscopy; gout; polyphenols; uric acid; xanthine oxidase.