Background: The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the evidence for the diagnostic effectiveness of human papillomavirus (HPV) methylation biomarkers for detection of cervical cancer. Methods: PubMed, Embase and Web of Science were searched. Nine articles focusing on HPV methylation for detection of precancerous and cancerous cervical lesions were included. The QUADAS-2 tool was used for quality assessment. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) was the main diagnostic performance parameter extracted. Results: Of the nine articles included in this study, seven were of moderate quality and two were of high quality. A meta-analysis of the ROC for 27 HPV methylation biomarkers revealed an overall pooled ROC of 0.770 (95% CI: 0.720-0.819; I2: 98.4%; Q: 1537.4; p < 0.01). Four methylation biomarkers had strong diagnostic ability (ROC > 0.900), 17 were moderate (ROC: 0.7000-0.8999) and six were poor (ROC < 0.700). Conclusion: HPV methylation biomarkers hold significant promise as independent screening tests for the detection of cervical precancerous and cancerous lesions.
Keywords: DNA; HPV; ROC; biomarker; cancer; cervical cancer; epigenetics; methylation; sensitivity; specificity.
This study reviewed the literature to assess the available evidence for the ability of biomarkers based on human papillomavirus (HPV) methylation (i.e., the detection of methyl groups in HPV DNA in cervical specimens) to screen for cervical precancerous and cancerous lesions. Scientific databases were searched, and abstracts screened for relevance. The quality of the included articles was assessed using a quality assessment tool called QUADAS-2. The main diagnostic performance parameter extracted from the included articles was the receiver operating characteristic (ROC), a measure of the ability of a biomarker to detect all true cases (true positives) while excluding all true non-cases (true negatives). After screening, nine articles were included, of which seven were of moderate quality and two were of high quality. ROC data were extracted for 27 biomarkers, of which four methylation biomarkers had high diagnostic ability (i.e., ROC > 0.900), 17 had moderate diagnostic ability (ROC: 0.7000–0.8999) and six had low diagnostic ability (ROC < 0.700). An umbrella meta-analysis (i.e., a weighted-average ROC for all HPV methylation biomarkers) revealed an ROC consistent with moderate diagnostic ability (0.770). The main conclusion from this study was that HPV methylation biomarkers, especially ones with high diagnostic ability, hold significant promise as independent screening tests for the detection of cervical precancerous and cancerous lesions.