Objectives of review: To review the literature for the evidence base for the aetiology and management of referred otalgia, looking particularly at non-malignant, neuralgic, structural and functional issues.
Type of review: Systematic review.
Search strategy: A systematic literature search was undertaken from the databases of EMBASE, CINAHL, MEDLINE®, BNI, and Cochrane Library according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Evaluation method: All relevant titles, abstracts and full text articles were reviewed by three authors who resolved any differences by discussion and consultation with senior author.
Results: 44 articles were included in our review. The overall quality of evidence was low, with the vast majority of the studies being case-series with three cohort and four randomised-controlled trials included. The prime causes and management strategies were focussed on temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMJD), Eagle syndrome and neuralgia. Our meta-analyses found no difference on the management strategies for the interventions found.
Conclusions: Referred otalgia is common and treatment should be aimed at the underlying pathology. Potential aetiologies are vast given the extensive sensory innervation of the ear. An understanding of this and a structured approach to patient assessment is important for optimal patient management.
Keywords: Adult; Ear; Earache; Otalgia; Pain; Referred.
© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.