Objective: To examine measures of social support and associations with neurobehavioral, psychiatric, and cognitive symptoms in Veterans who underwent the Veterans Health Administration's Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Screening and Evaluation Program.
Setting: Nationally representative sample of U.S. Veterans enrolled in the Veterans Affairs Million Veteran Program.
Participants: Veterans (N = 9,837) were classified into the following three diagnostic groups based on results from the TBI Screening and Evaluation Program: (1) negative TBI screen (Screen-; n = 6,523), (2) positive TBI screen but no TBI diagnosis (Screen+/TBI-; n = 1,308), or (3) positive TBI screen and TBI diagnosis (Screen+/TBI+; n = 2,006).
Design: Epidemiological cross-sectional study.
Main measures: Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey Instrument (MOS-SSSI), with subscales representing emotional, tangible, and affectionate support and positive social interaction; Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI); PTSD Checklist (PCL); Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4); and Medical Outcomes Study Cognitive Functioning-Revised Scale (MOS-Cog-R).
Results: ANCOVAs showed significant associations between diagnostic group and all aspects of social support. Pairwise comparisons revealed that Veterans in the two Screen+ groups (Screen+/TBI+ and Screen+/TBI-) reported comparable levels of social support, but that both Screen+ groups reported significantly lower levels of social support compared to the Screen- group. Among the Screen+ groups, adjusted linear regression models controlling for age, sex, and race/ethnicity showed significant associations between social support indices and all symptom measures, such that lower levels of social support were associated with more severe neurobehavioral and psychiatric symptoms and worse cognitive functioning. Finally, mediation analyses showed that psychiatric symptoms mediated the association between TBI screen group and social support.
Conclusions: Our results are clinically informative and suggest (1) that the relationship between TBI screen status and social support is influenced by psychiatric symptoms and (2) that implementing distress reduction techniques before social support interventions may be most beneficial for Veterans screening positive for TBI.
Keywords: CTBIE; MVP; Social support; TBI screen; Traumatic brain injury; Veterans Health Administration.
Published by Elsevier Ltd.